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NPV TLCC = $15,091 $ 10,000 I $ 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 $ 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 $0 $0 1,300 1,196 1,300 1,100 1,300 1,011 1,300 930 1,300 855 $ 5,091 Table 4-6. Constant Dollar TLCC Evaluation Year Investment IDInisvceosutmntendt Constant Dollar O&M costs I Discounted O&M Costs (w/8.74% real) I Inasmuch as the costs associated with most conservation and renewable energy technologies can be classified as either investment costs or O&M costs (to include fuel), the formula for TLCC for a nonprofit organization can be expressed as Where: I = initial investment PVOM = present value of all O&M costs, or PVOM=ENnzO1&w(1 +d)". TLCC = I +PVOM (4-3) Analysesofinvestmentsbyfor-profitorganizationsmustconsidertaxesinTLCCcalculations. Similar to the different forms of the fixed charge rate (see the Fixed Charge Rate subsection i n Section 2), TLCC can be calculated in three different ways, depending on how taxes are treated, as shown in Table 4-7. The simplest calculation, which ignores taxes aItogether, is appropriate for residential (owner-occupant), nonprofitcorporations,andgovernmentinvestments(shownincolumn1ofTable 4-7). Actualcosts(after tax deductions), as shown i n column 2, are appropriate for all investments for which taxes are relevant, and it can be assumed that the tax deductions provided by the investment can be realized against income from the investment or other sources. Column 3 expands fiom the after-tax costs of column 2 to the before-taxrevenuerequiredtocoverthosecosts. Theserequiredrevenuesarefrequentlyusedintheutility sector and are discussed in more detail in the subsection, Revenue Requirements, in Section 4. Rehxning to the previous TLCC example, suppose the firm is a private investor and income taxes are a relevant cost. Once again, assume the same parameters as in the NPV example with an investment of $10,000 made at the beginning of the year; no salvage value; and O&M costs of $1,300 per year (current dollars) in yearzero,inflatingat3%peryearthereafter.Alsoassumetheinvestmentisnotreplaced,a 44PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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