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calculated to be $39.56 for 5 years (assuming the bulb is purchased at the beginning of each year, and the electricityispaidforattheendofeachyear). Analternativewouldbetopurchaseamoreefficient40- wattfluorescentbulbthatwilllastfor5years. Underthesameusagepatternsasthealternative,the40- watt bulb will require 87.6 kWh per year to operate. Assuming a $15 initial investment and the constant 6 cents per kWh for purchasing the electricity, a TLCC o€$33.95 is calculated. Thus, the net savings, on a TLCC basis, of installing the more efficient 40-watt bulb is $5.61. Revenue Requirements Infroduction Revenue requirements (RRs) are often calculated in regulated industries, such as the electric power markets,forafirm(utility)asawhole. Thediscussionhereisdirectedtowardtherevenuesrequiredto cover the costs associated with a specific project, not a firm. The RR is the total revenue that must be collected from customers to compensate a firm for all expenditures (including taxes) associated with a project. It is actually no different than the before-tax revenue required of the TLCC outlined eadier, The RR economic measure is recommended as an appropriatemeasurewhenevaluatingaregulatedinvestment. Thegeneraldecisionruleforutilitiesisto choose the alternative for which the present value of the multiperiod investment revenue requirement is the lowest (assuming the services provided are identical) (Charles River Associates 1986). Businesses apply the RR method to project costs over an investment’s useful life. Because RR is normally the basis on which regulated investments are defended, it is the recommended measure for evaluating such investments. RR is not recommended for economic evaluation when deciding whether to accept or reject an investment because RR provides no frame of reference for what are acceptable or unacceptable costs and benefits and returns are not addressed. Discussion The formulation of the revenue requirements approach was laid out in the Total Life-Cycle Cost subsection in Section 4 as the before-tax revenues required, or Where: RR=TLCC= 1-(Tx PVDEP)+PVOM(1-T) (1 -T) (4-4) RR = revenue requirements TLCC = total life-cycle cost I = initial investment T = income tax rate PVDEP = present value of depreciation expenses PVOM = present value of operating and maintenance expenses. As was calculated in an example in the Total Life-Cycle Cost subsection, the before-tax required revenue calculated was $16,220. The same result is shown in Table 4-9 on a year-by-year basis. 46PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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