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benefits/costs of the alternatives. BIC ratios can also be used when ranking projects if benefits predominate, particularly from a public policy perspective. Discussion The B/C ratio is the ratio of discounted benefits to discounted costs at a given point in time (base year). The denominator of the B/C ratio includes dl costs. Operations, maintenance, fuel, finance costs, and property taxes should be included. The numerator of the B/C ratio includes all savings, revenues, and other benefits. Externalities can be positive (benefit) or negative (cost). Some impacts of a program action,suchaslocaleconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalimpacts,maybedifficulttoquantifj. To the extent that the externality can be quantified, the externality value should be included when appropriate (i.e.,apositiveexternalityaddedtothebenefitsandanegativeexternalityincludedincosts). Quantifying externalities is covered in more detail in the Special Considerations subsection in Section 5. The determining factor in B/C analysis is whether the B/C ratio is equal to (or greater than) 1. The mathematical formula for B/C ratios is: B/C = [PV (All Benefits)] + [PV (All Costs)] Where: PV (All Benefits) = present value of all positive cash flow equivalents PV (All Costs) = present value of all negative cash flow equivalents. (4-21) An example for the calculation of the B/C ratio follows. The calculation includes three steps: (1) the PV calculation of thecost stream, (2) the PV calculation of the benefit stream, and (3) the calculation of the ratio. Time period Amount Time periods 1 2 $3,000.00 $3,000.00 3 3 $3,000.00 Step 1 - Present value of a stream of costs Discount rate 8.00% Cash flow per year $3,000 Present value of an an~ua$l3,000payment for 3 years = $7,731.29 Step 2 - Present value of a stream of benefits Discount rate Cash flow Time period 8.00% Varies over time 4 59PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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