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The utility perspective can be expressed as follows: UC Test = B, f C,, (4-29) Where: Bu = utility benefit cu = utility cost fii MC, Ii = participant change in electricity use in year i = marginal cost of electricity in year i = incentives received by participant in year i = direct costs of utility’s participation in year i UC, d = discount rate B, = CNi,l[(a* M,CJ 4 (1 + d)’] C, =CNi,l[(Ii+UCJi(1 +d)’] N = number of years. For example, assume the same parameters as those in the RIM Test example. The Utility Cost (UC) Test for this example is calculated as follows. UC Test = $441.60 t $300 = 1.47 (4-30) Where: €3, = cloi[=(1,l000 kWNyear * $O.OGkWh) +(I +0.06)’] = $441.60 Because in the long run, total costs to the utility (RR) equal total revenues (total energy bills paid by customers), this test measures the change in the total amount paid in utility bills across all customers. In general, a UC Test ratio of less than 1 indicates an increase in the utility’s cost due to the implementation ofaDSMprogram. Thisresultsinanincreasedelectricityratethatwillsubsequentlyincreasethetotal amountpaidinutilitybills. Similarly,aUCtestratiogreaterthan1indicatesadecreaseintheutility’s cost, which will subsequently decrease the total amount paid in utility bills (i.e., lowers customer rates). Societal Test: SociefalPerspective The Societal Test is a measure of the net benefits of a DSM program from the point of view of society asawhole. ThistestattemptstocaptureallbenefitsandcostsofaDSMprogram,includingexternalities. It is generally agreed that external benefits and costs are difficult to identify and quantify. Refer to the Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI’s) Principles and Practice ofDemand-Side Management (EPRI 1993), or the Externalities subsection in Section 5, for discussions regarding incorporating externalities intoDSMplanning. Benefitsassociatedwiththesocietalperspectiveincludedirectandindirectbenefits. The direct benefits are the avoided supply costs, whereas the indirect benefits include factors such as increasedlabororeconomicactivityandenvironmentalbenefits. Directcostsincludeallconsumerand utility expenses associated with the program, whereas indirect costs include items such as decreased labor or economic activity and environmental costs. C, = $ 2 0 0 + $ 1 0 0 = $ 3 0 0 .PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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