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0.130 0.125 0.120 0.115 0.110 0.105 0.100 Hours of TES Table 7 also shows the annual efficiency for the plant with and without thermal storage and includes a detailed breakdown of the factors that affect the annual efficiency for each case. These factors, although shown as annualized numbers, are calculated on an hourly basis within the performance model. The annual efficiency is based on the total annual direct normal beam radiation from the sun. The incidence angle factor accounts for losses caused by the single axis tracking nature of parabolic trough collectors. For trough plants with a horizontal north-south axis of rotation, at 35 degrees north latitude approximately 13% of the direct normal radiation is lost on an annual basis because of incidence angle effects. Solar field availability accounts for the percent of the solar field tracking when the field should be operating. Solar field availabilities above 99% are common at the SEGS plants. The solar field optical efficiency factor accounts for gaps in the mirrors, solar weighted mirror reflectivity and soiling, concentrator focal accuracy, collector tracking accuracy, receiver envelope glass transmittance and soiling, blockage by the bellows and other obstructions, and the absorption of the receiver black coating. The annual optical efficiency also accounts for end losses resulting from light that reflects off the end of the collector, row-to-row shadowing shortly after sunrise and shortly before sunset, and incidence angle effects of the reflector and receiver optical properties when the sun is not directly normal to the collector aperture. Receiver thermal losses account for the thermal losses back to the environment from the receiver. Thermal storage increases receiver thermal losses slightly because of the higher HTF return temperature to the solar field. The thermal losses from piping are similar between the two cases. The system with thermal storage has two types of losses: losses when the storage system is full (and the power plant cannot accept the energy because it already at maximum load) and thermal losses from the storage system. However, turbine start-up becomes a smaller fraction of total energy use, because the turbine is operated for more hours with fewer starts. The addition of thermal storage means there are fewer hours when energy must be dumped because the power block cannot accept all of the thermal energy coming from the solar field. TES also allows energy to be stored during periods of low solar radiation when insufficient energy is available to operate the power plant. The power plant steam cycle efficiency is slightly lower in the TES case because of the lower steam temperatures when operating from storage. Electric parasitics are slightly lower from the plant with thermal storage because of the higher annual generation and lower percentage of off-line parasitic electric consumption. The plantwide availability factor accounts for plant planned and forced outages or deratings. This is assumed to be the same for both systems. Thermal storage could impact plant availability because the plant will be operating more hours during the year and leaving less downtime opportunities for doing maintenance. However, thermal storage also provides a buffer between the solar field and power plant and could reduce availability losses due to short-term power plant outages or deratings. Solar field energy 0 2 4 6 9 12 NA 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Log Mean Temperature Difference (C) Figure 3 TES Heat Exchanger Optimization for 50-MWe Trough Plant Table 7 Model Performance Results for 50-MWe trough plants, 0 and 6 hours TES TES Size Solar Field Size, m2 Heat Exchanger Size (LMTD), °C Capacity Factor Capital Cost, k$ Operation & Maintenance Cost, $/kWh LCOE, $/kWh Annual Performance Calculation Direct Normal Solar Radiation Incidence Angle (1-axis tracking) Solar Field Availability Solar Field Optical Efficiency Receiver Thermal Losses (24 hr) Piping Thermal Losses (24 hr) No Operation, Low Insolation TES Full 0 hrs TES 300,800 na 25.0% 132,619 0.0283 0.1223 1.000 0.873 0.990 0.694 0.795 0.966 0.998 NA NA 0.961 0.911 0.991 0.379 6 hrs TES 458,720 7° 40.6% 203,860 0.0203 0.1095 1.000 0.873 0.990 0.694 0.794 0.966 0.998 0.944 0.993 0.983 0.999 1.000 0.375 0.884 0.940 13.2% TES Thermal Losses Turbine Start-up Excess to PB/TES Below turbine minimum Power plant steam cycle efficiency Parasitics 0.871 Plant-wide Availability Annual Solar to Electric Efficiency 0.940 12.4% 7 Levelized Cost of Energy ($/kWh)PDF Image | A Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plant Simulation Model
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