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Renewable energy is any energy source for which the rate at which it is available in perpetuity exceeds the rate at which it is consumed. (Martinez, 2002) Since all sources of energy have economic and environmental costs, it then becomes the task of democratic societies through their governments and the markets they support to determine which energy sources will be adopted. Renewable Energy Use—Where are we in North America? Canada Canada is a major producer of fossil fuels that provide approximately three fourths of its energy needs plus substantial exports (WRI 2000). Canada is also the world’s leading producer of electricity from large-scale hydropower, receiving 11 percent of its total energy from this source. The ready availability of these resources provides Canada with one of the lowest cost energy supplies in the world. In addition, there are over 500 small- scale hydro projects in Canada of less than 50 MW each that are considered to be within the definition of distributed renewable resources (RETP 2002). The major source of Canadian renewable energy, after large-scale hydro, is from biomass that amounts to six percent of the national total (RETP 2002). The extensive Canadian pulp and paper industry is the largest user of biomass energy, and currently meets an impressive 54 percent of its energy needs (heat and electricity) from forest waste (FPAC 2002). This effort substantially reduces air and water pollution associated with past forest waste disposal practices and the displaced fossil fuels that would otherwise be burned. Small amounts of wind energy, ethanol fuels, geothermal and solar energy provide less than one percent of Canada’s current use. The amounts of geothermal and solar production are too small to be recorded in standard data tables. Wind energy use is small but growing (RETP 2002). Canada has wind potential that substantially exceeds the current electricity consumption of the nation. Much of it occurs in the Prairie Provinces and along the Atlantic coast. Wind turbines with a capacity of approximately 136 megawatts (MW) are currently operational in Canada, according to the Canadian Wind Association. These turbines produce approximately 30 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity annually, or enough for 37,000 Canadian homes. Wind energy is projected to expand to nearly 200 MW, although some of this growth may not be completed for another 10 years. The two largest projects are located in Québec, which consist of 57 MW at Cap Chat and 43 MW at Matane. The former site is expected to grow to 100 MW. The Québec government has recommended bringing on 450 MW of wind power over the next nine years. These two sites are closely followed in scale by two projects in Alberta of 40MW each at Cowley and Pincher Creek. The Cowley facility is currently operating at a capacity of 19 MW. A 5 MW project is being installed on Prince Edward Island at North Cape to take advantage of the wind potential along the Atlantic coast (CANWEA 2002). 2PDF Image | Assessing Barriers and Opportunities for Renewable Energy in North America
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