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220 50 400 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 350 300 250 Exhaust gas flowrate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Measurement point 5 00 Fig. 8(a). Temperature and flow profiles across the duct of exhaust gas for CHP output of 2.3 MW 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Exhaust gas temperature 5 4. 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Exhaust gas flowrate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Measurement point 0 The simulation results show the amount of waste heat is dependent on ambient air temperature, steam production capacity and gas turbine output. The net power output from the gas turbine directional proportional to the exhaust gas mass flow rate. At lower ambient temperature, the density of the ambient air is increases. If the air mass flow rate decreases, due to the increment of ambient air temperature, the fuel input has to be reduced in order to avoid exceeding the hot gas limit temperature when entering the turbine [30], this makes the pressure ratio drop, which affect the gas turbine power output. There is a direct relationship between the amount of waste heat available and the steam production. During low steam demands, optimum waste heat is available from the CHP system. The proposed waste heat recovery system will utilise the waste heat and maintain the efficiency of the CHP system. At a gas turbine power output of 4.35 MW, the amount of waste heat energy predicted from the simulation is 4.86MW and temperature is 238°C. Based on the physical experiment conducted, the amount of waste heat energy available from the CHP system is 5.13 MW. The 5.3% difference between these values is due to the following factors: • the simulation is based on clean performance of a CHP system whilst the actual CHP is less efficient and creates more waste heat due to fouling in the waste heat boiler. • the actual gas turbine efficiency is less than the simulation due to changes in blade surfaces due to erosion or fouling, and the effect on the blade dynamics. The amount of waste heat from the CHP system between 2007 and 2009 varies between 3.82 MW and 5.09 MW. Only 44.5% of the waste heat can be recovered using the Clean CycleTM 125 ORC systems. This is due to the evaporation temperature of the R-245fa used in the ORC systems. Recovering the waste heat from the CHP system could generate between 217 kW and 344 kW gross electricity. The proposed waste heat recovery systems Fig. 8(b). Temperature and flow profiles across the duct of exhaust gas for CHP output of 4.35 MW 6000 2007 2008 5000 2009 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Fig. 9. Analysis of waste heat availability exhausted from the CHP systems from 2007-2009. 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2007 2008 2009 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Fig. 10(a). Availability of waste heat to be utilised using Clean CycleTM. 45 40 35 30 2007 2008 2009 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Fig. 10(b). Projection of electricity generation using ORC systems, Clean CycleTM 125. Discussion 25 200 20 15 150 100 10 Exhaustgastemperature 50 Available waste heat input, kW Waste heat availability, kW Exhaust gas temperature, oC Exhaust gas temperature, oC Exhaust gas flowrate, kg/s Exhaust gas flowrate, kg/s Gross electricity production, kWPDF Image | Assessment and modelling of the waste heat availability from gas turbine based CHP systems for ORC systems
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