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CRITICAL REVIEW DECISION MAKING cost, wide service infrastructure and low operating cost. They provide reliable onsite energy and large power range [15, 16]. Micro-turbines present good technical performance: they have low noise and vibration, low weigh and small size. They require minimal maintenance and have proven good overall efficiency, good reliability and availability, but reduced partial load efficiency. They have low emissions, especially NOx, which makes them more environmental friendly [10,12,15,16]. Other advantages are their compact size, small number of moving parts and short delivery time [15], but they have high service cost [16]. Stirling Engines are an interesting option, as well. They are fully automated, which decreases the need for service, have very good environmental indicators, and show even lower CO emissions. It is a new technology with very good performance and perspective. It is suitable for buildings, because of the power/heat ratio, low noise, and lower need for service, good partial load behaviour and ability to handle quick load changes [12,16,17,18, 19]. The technology is under R&D, but has improving results and bigger units are constructed, using improved technology and implying further development. Organic Rankine Cycle technology shows interesting potential as well, although it has increased investment costs. The environmental indicators are very low [20,10,17,21]. The technology is still under R&D, but the two plants presented at Section 2, have shown very promising results. Conclusions Current trends on energy production demand that energy systems have good environmental performance, like CHP units using biomass as a fuel. They present better exploitation of the fuel, better environmental performance, in terms of emissions, and reduction of biomass residues. The ORC, CCS and Stirling engine technologies show better environmental results in the most recent studies. New biomass energy production systems have good performance and reliability, which improves constantly. The steam turbine systems are more secure and reliable, due to the technological expertise and the standard plant design, while steam engines are most common for industries. The CCS present very good overall efficiency, availability and reliability. The ORC technologies have proven to be cost effective with low maintenance cost, while Stirling engine seems to have higher investment and maintenance costs than micro- turbine. This is the first phase of such work. Further work is going to be developed in cooperation with the potential technology suppliers and their associations. This study presented a critical review of the recent trends on biomass CHP technologies in Europe, providing a tool to energy decision – makers in order to Figure 4: Schematic methodology Results and Discussion INDICATORS The Steam Turbine System is one of the most common technologies used. This results in a good technological expertise and sufficient suppliers. The systems present high total efficiencies in district heating (DH) applications, operating experience and reliability, whilst they have a standardized plant design, which results at shorter construction time and lower investment costs. The smaller units (< 5MWe) are of simple design, whilst the larger ones are more complex [10,11, 19]. They have low maintenance costs, good efficiencies, proven operation and maintenance and good environmental performance. The Steam Engine systems are used commonly for industrial application, while there are limited suppliers for small-scale units. The systems present good overall efficiencies, good availability and reliability, proven operation and maintenance, whilst the payback period can be reached at 13 years (for a unit producing 730kWe, 4.800kWth, and operating 3.000MWh/a) [1, 10, 12,13]. Combined Cycle Systems (CCS) require regular maintenance and service, present very good overall efficiency, high efficiency for electricity production and reduction of environmental emissions [10,14]. The use of biomass as a fuel to CCS units (also mentioned as BIGCC) is still under development [15], while it improves the environmental performance of the units [14]. Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) have very good overall efficiency, present high levels of availability and require periodic maintenance [15]. They present low level of environmental emissions, although the CO2 and SO2 emissions depend on the fuel used and the amounts of NOx, CO and incombustible hydrocarbons in exhaust gases depend on other combustion conditions (temperature, amount of air) [16]. They have low capital THIRD EUROPEAN COMBUSTION MEETING ECM 2007 Technical Economical Environmental Investment Operating Maintenance costs Power/heat Overall efficiency Reliability and availability Partial load efficiency Operation and maintenance Automation Emissions 5 Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting 2007 *Corresponding author: vamvuka@mred.tuc.grPDF Image | Biomass Cogeneration in Europe: economical, technical and environmental evaluation
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