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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION is converted into a format that cannot be utilized. For example, the high temperature of the product gas takes a significant amount of energy from the process, but the gas cannot be cooled much, in order to prevent tar from accumulating in the equipment. Energy and material balances also reveal factors that have little affect on the balances. These insignificant factors may even be left out of the balance evaluation. For example, a small amount of tar is formed in downdraft gasification and it contains a small amount of energy. In this case, the energy content of the tar can be left out of the energy balance evaluation. Material and energy balances measurements are necessary to determine a variety of gasification efficiency values, such as cold gas efficiency (Simone et al., 2012). Better production conditions can be found when material and energy balances are calculated and different production conditions are compared. For example, it has been found that the heat of combustion and the hydrogen concentration of product gas can be increased to a certain extent by using steam as a gasification agent instead of air. The use of oxygen as a gasifying medium instead of air also increases the caloric value of the product gas, because the nitrogen gas that comes with air doesn’t dilute the product gas. However, using air in gasification has other benefits, including inexpensiveness and ease of use. If some material flow value is missing from measurements, the material balance can be used to evaluate it. For example, if the nitrogen content of the product gas, the fuel, and the ash are known, the flow rate of air can be estimated, because the nitrogen content of the atmosphere is always 78%. On the basis of the input air flow rate and fuel consumption rate, it is possible to evaluate the equivalence ratio, which tells which proportion of the air amount required for complete combustion is used in gasification. Material and energy balances are useful in modeling, because many models use material and energy conservation laws as assumptions. Gasification is modeled in order to understand and explain the complex process in which greenhouse-gas neutral energy can be produced. With modeling, optimal gasification circumstances can be evaluated, including the influence of the gasifying medium, the fuel, the moisture content of the feedstock and equivalence ratio. For example, in gasification the energy efficiency of sludge and manure are considerably lower than many other biomasses (Ptasinski et al., 2007). Models can also be used in the design and improvement of the gasification process. When the process is better understood, different factors can be optimized and energy can be produced more economically and better commercial gasification equipment can be developed. A functioning model allows different methods to be compared more easily and cost efficiently than with experimental work. However, 40PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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