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due to the large number of simplifications in the models, they will never fully replace information obtained from experimental work. One useful factor in downdraft gasification modeling is that flows can be assumed to occur in the vertical direction, because there are no turbulent flows typical for fluidized beds. Phenomena occurring inside the gasifier can be modeled one-dimensionally, which is easier than three-dimensional modeling. Models are often divided into kinetic and thermodynamic models. Kinetic models are computationally intensive but they predict the process and the product composition better. Thermodynamic equilibrium models are not as exact as kinetic models, but they are useful tools for preliminary comparisons of gasifiers because these models are independent of the dimensions of gasifier reactors. (Pruig-Arnavat et al., 2010) Measurements for material and energy balances When elemental material balances are being drawn up, fuel, air, and product gas composition, as well as moisture content, need to be known. When those are known, and the consumed fuel mass, air and product gas flows are measured, how much material has entered and exited the process in a certain period of time can be calculated. In addition, composition, moisture content and flows of ash, tar, and fly ash are relevant, but not as much as the fuel, air, and product gas quantities from which the largest material flows are composed. Those flows also play the most significant role in the energy balance calculation. Measurement results can be compared to literature values in order evaluate their accuracy. Table 1 shows the elemental concentrations of selected small-diameter trees. TABLE 1. Pine Spruce Downy birch Silver birch Aspen Elemental concentrations of tree trunks in dry matter by weight percentage (Nurmi, 1993). 52.34 6.09 0.08 52.43 5.86 0.01 50.97 5.86 0.12 47.43 5.22 0.07 46.21 4.98 0.15 Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) Nitrogen (%) The nitrogen content of the atmosphere is about 78%, its oxygen content is about 21% and the rest consists of other gases such as argon (Lide D. R., 2002). Table 2 shows a typical gas composition in commercial downdraft gasifiers operated on low- to medium-moisture content fuels. 41PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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