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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION TABLE 2. H2 CO2 CH4 CO N2 Heating value Typical gas composition in downdraft gasification (Stassen et al., 1993). Component Composition 12–20% 9–15% 2–3% 17–22% 50–54% 5–5.9 MJ/m3 When energy balances are drawn up, energy flows entering and exiting the gasifier are measured. When the model is drawn up, fuel, ash, and product gas moisture content, as well as masses and heating values, have to be known. Those are determined by laboratory analyses or, if gas composition and heat of composition of gas components are known, the product gas heat of combustion can also be calculated. Air and product gas temperatures are also measured in energy balance measurements. Gasification phases In order to understand how material behaves in the gasification process, it is beneficial to understand the phases of gasification. Broadly speaking, gasification is divided into four stages: drying, devolatilization, oxidation, and reduction (Figures 1 and 2). Drying occurs between 100°C and 200°C when moisture content drops below five percent. In the pyrolysis phase, biomass is thermally decomposed and small gaseous particles are released. In the oxidation phase, material reacts with oxygen and the reaction produces a significant amount of energy, a large part of which is consumed in the subsequent reduction phase reactions. The main reactions in the reduction phase are listed in Table 3. (Pruig-Arnavat et al., 2010; Basu, 2010) TABLE 3. The main reduction reactions in gasification. Boudouard reaction Water–gas reaction Methane formation Shift reaction C + CO2 ↔ 2CO C + H2O ↔ CO + H2 C + 2H2 ↔ CH4 CO2 + H2 ↔ CO + H2O 42PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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