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clean fuels e.g. natural gas, landfill gas or biosyngas for both stand-alone and on-grid applications. On the other hand, fouling problems arising from deposition of unburned species, soot and ash over the surface of the heat exchanger are likely to occur, in particular when low grade fuels are burnt to produce heat for a Stirling engine. (Kuosa et al., 2007) Although there is already a high share of CHP plants in Finland and many large-scale power plants have been converted to CHP plants, it is still possible to increase the amount of CHP via small-scale and micro- scale units in distributed, local CHP production. There are many regional small-scale district heating plants that could be converted to combined power and heat production. The potential to increase CHP production in Finland has been estimated to be around 5–8 TWh per year. (Salomón et al., 2011) Micro-cogeneration, which is the local generation of electrical and thermal power simultaneously to satisfy the power demands of lighting purposes, building services and the thermal demands of space heating and production of hot water in residential buildings, is an alternative to conventional oil, gas, and biomass boilers, and, to some extent, heat pumps, solar thermal, and photovoltaic systems. The most cited technologies in small-scale micro-cogeneration (less than 5 kWe) are fuel cells, internal combustion engines, and Stirling engines. According to Alanne (Alanne et al, 2010), micro-cogeneration with a natural gas-burning Stirling engine works best in standard houses in cold climates with the present electricity mixes, but, as expected, applies poorly to passive houses, where the electrical power demand is high when compared to that for thermal power. Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) and Stirling engines (SEs) are two promising and innovative technologies which are of great interest for biomass CHP plants up to 2 MWe especially in combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) small-scale plants. In the power range from approximately 200 kWe to 2 MWe the ORC process has demonstrated its technological maturity. There is an increasing interest in the use of Stirling engine based cogeneration systems for smaller power applications because of their prospect for high efficiency, good performance at partial load, fuel flexibility, low emission level and low vibration and noise level. SEs have also large potential in small-scale CCHP systems. A summary of the average performance characteristics and costs of both technologies is shown in table 1 (Maraver et al., 2013). 45PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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