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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION TABLE 1. Summary of average performance characteristics of Stirling engines and organic rankine systems in commercial CCHP applications. (Maraver et al., 2013) SE ORC Heat source Direct fired (gas, biomass), solar radiation Direct fired, thermal oil, overheated water (biomass, solar thermal, geothermal, waste heat) Power range (kWe) Electrical efficiency (%) Global efficiency (%) Heat source temperature (°C) Cooling temperature (°C)a Specific investment cost (€/kWe) Operation & Maintenance costs (€/kWh) 1–150 3–2 000 15–35 65–85 650–1 100 8–23 60–80 90–400 20–80 Working fluids Helium, hydrogen, nitrogen R-245fa, R-134a, R-152a, n-pentane, toluene, siloxanes Performance characteristics Fast response, quiet operation, good performance at partial loads Reliability, availability, low grade heat operation 5 000–14 000 1 000–6 000 n/a 0.003–0.009 a Cooling temperatures vary widely depending on the use mode: CHP or electricity generation only. Stirling engine The Stirling engine is an external combustion reciprocating engine developed by Robert Stirling in 1816 (Stirling, 1816). The main advantages are the smoothness, the flexibility toward the external heat source and the high thermodynamic efficiency. As it involves continuous burning of the fuel rather than intermittent burning presented by internal combustion engines, it burns the fuel more completely, producing lower unwanted emissions. 46PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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