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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION 60 reactions. The CO in the syngas undergoes a further reaction with steam in a catalytic reactor to yield more hydrogen, in addition to CO2, where H2 is combusted in gas engines and the CO2 is separated (Metz et al., 2005). The post-combustion capture is performed with a downstream process where the separation of CO2 is carried out after the combustion of the product gases. In this option, the flue gases are passed through equipment capable of separating most of the CO2 for storage and venting the remaining flue gas into the atmosphere (Metz et al., 2005). Although the post-combustion capture has a higher thermal efficiency with respect to the conversion to electricity compared to pre-combustion, it has some challenges in the separation of CO2. These challenges include the design challenges presented by the higher temperature of the flue gases, the need for a powerful chemical solvent in the separation of low concentration CO2, and the higher energy penalty in the regeneration of the solvent (Mondal et al., 2012). Oxy-fuel, on the other hand, is a modified version of the post- combustion capture, which yields a flue gas comprised mainly of CO2 and H2O via combustion with pure oxygen instead of with air (Mondal et al., 2012; Metz et al., 2005). In this situation, the CO2 can be purified at low cost, and the water vapor (H2O) in the flue gas is removed by condensation (Mondal et al., 2012). In principal, in any of the options mentioned above, there are a number of techniques used in the removal of CO2 from the gas stream. Some of the techniques mentioned below have already reached the development stage, but others require further improvements in technical capabilities and cost reduction. Absorption Absorption is based on the solubility differences of different gas components in a liquid solvent. Absorption processes can be further divided based on the solvent type into physical and chemical. The usage of a physical solvent is more advantageous when the concentration of CO2 in the feed gas is high (Burr & Lyddon, 2008). Some of the physical solvents that could be used for the gas purification of CO2 are selexol, rectisol, purisol, and flour processes (Korens et al., 2002). Selexol and rectisol are the most commonly used physical solvents especially in integrated gasification combined cycle processes (Korens et al., 2002). In a chemical solvent process, amine solution, aqua ammonia, and dual-alkali are typically used. However, the amine process is the most mature technology in wide use by the natural gas industry (Yang et al., 2008). Furthermore, hybrid absorption such as sulfinol and amisol processes that combine the advantages of thePDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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