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BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication

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BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication ( biomass-to-energy-and-chemicals-highbio2-project-publication )

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absorption efficiency of a chemical solvent and low energy regeneration potential of a physical solvent for gas separation are often used. In the hybrid absorption processes, the physical solvent removes most of the impurities, but the final purification is performed with the chemical solvent (Marklund & Öhrman, 2011). Ionic liquids (ILs) can also be used to absorb CO2 from a gas stream. ILs have attracted interest due to their multiple beneficial properties. ILs are organic salts with an extremely low vapor pressure. In addition, they are non-flammable and have a low toxicity level (Zhao, 2006). Adsorption Adsorption is a gas separation technology where certain gas components adsorb preferentially on an adsorbent. The technique is currently used by, for example, the natural gas industry to remove water and other impurities (Tagliabue et al., 2009), in the removal of CO2 and other gases in a post-combustion process (Ebner & Ritter, 2009), in the purification of methane in coal mining (Tonkovich, 2004), and in biogas cleaning (Alonso-Vicario et al., 2010). Adsorption has also been applied in odor control (Rezaiyan & Cheremisionoff, 2005). Similarly, as in the absorption processes, the adsorption process has a sorptive stage and a regenerative stage. Adsorption can either be physical or chemical in nature. The process phenomenon is based on the creation of a suitable surface area on a material to which the gas components can bind at a low temperature (Marklund & Öhrman, 2011; Watson et al., 2009). The regeneration is based on the utilization of differences in adsorption loadings at various temperatures (thermal-swing adsorption, TSA) and at different pressures (pressure-swing adsorption, PSA) (Watson et al., 2009). In PSA, the bed can be regenerated by reducing the pressure, but for TSA, regeneration is often done by raising the temperature (Yu et al., 2012). Examples of adsorbents are molecular sieves, activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and lithium compounds. Cryogenic fractionation CO2 can also be removed from a gas stream by cooling and condensation where the concentration of the CO2 in the stream is high. This process is known as cryogenic fractionation. In post-combustion capture the gas stream is cooled to a very low temperature for CO2 to be captured in a liquid form and subsequently separated. The greatest benefit for this 61

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