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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION 62 capture and separation technique is the possibility to produce liquid CO2, which can be transported by ship (Burt et al., 2009). In addition to this, pollutants such as Hg, SOx, NO2, and HCl can be removed with a high efficiency (Burt et al., 2009). However, the challenges for this technology are the high-energy consumption, high costs and the formation of frosted CO2 (Meisen & Shuai, 1997; Tuinier et al., 2010). Membrane separation In membrane separation, the separation is based on the relative permeation rates of each component. The component with the fastest permeation rate concentrates on the permeate side. Due to the simplicity of a membrane process, higher energy efficiency, and environmental compatibility (Xiao et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2013), membrane separation is considered to be one of the future techniques in CO2 separation. Gas separation by membranes offers high selectivity by differentiating gases according to their sizes, shape, and chemical properties (Metz et al., 2005). In general, for a membrane to be competitive in CO2 separation it should have high CO2 permeability and selectivity, it should be thermally and chemically robust, resistant to plasticization and aging, and it should be cost effective as well as be able to be manufactured cheaply into different membrane modules (Powell & Qiao, 2006). Membranes for gas separation are broadly classified into polymeric and inorganic membranes. The polymeric membranes provide low cost, high performance separation, easier synthesis, and mechanical stability more than inorganic membranes (Scholes et al., 2009). Inorganic membranes, on the other hand, are highly stable at high temperatures and can withstand harsh conditions compared to polymeric membranes (Caro et al., 2000). Inorganic membranes can be made from alumina, carbon, glass silicon carbide, titania, zeolite, or zirconia. Generally, membranes are supported on different substrates, such as α-alumina, γ-alumina, zirconia, zeolite, or porous stainless steel (Yang et al., 2008). However, the molecular weight of alumina limits its application for gas separation, but due to the mesoporous structure of α-alumina and γ-alumina and their chemical as well as hydrothermal stabilities beyond 1000 ̊C, those substrates have found application mainly as support materials (National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2003). Carbon membranes, on the other hand, are classified into supported and unsupported carbon membranes. Generally, the support is made of a porous material. Unsupported carbon membranes are brittle and mechanically unstable. Thus, problems may arise in the handling of unsupported carbon membranes (National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2003). In general,PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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