BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication

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BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication ( biomass-to-energy-and-chemicals-highbio2-project-publication )

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The Fischer-Tropsch process converts hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) into aliphatic hydrocarbons. The basic equation can be written as follows: CO + 2H2 Catalyst CH2 + H O (1) 2 The stoichiometric ratio of H2/CO for this reaction is 2:1. It occurs when this ratio is lower than 2:1. Then water can be added to the reagents to increase the amount of hydrogen and to obtain the ratio sought. The addition of water is called the water–gas shift. The reaction is described below: CO + H2O  CO2 + H2 (2) The relationship between H2 and CO is essential to perform the reaction. However, since gasification of wood-based materials gives a ratio H2/CO of about 1, the water–gas shift reaction (see Equation 2) has to be used to increase the amount of H2. If unwanted CO2 is produced, it is nevertheless profitable to perform this reaction to increase H2 content and enhance the FTS (Casci et al., 2009). Activity and selectivity of Fisher-Tropsch catalysts Synthesis gas is obtained by the gasification of biomass followed by proper cleaning steps of the producer gas. This synthesis gas can later be catalytically converted into a number of chemicals, including for those used in the production of traffic fuels by the Fischer-Tropsch process (FTS). FT catalysts consist of active metals, promoters, and a porous support (see Figure 1). It is well known that transition metals from group VIII – such as nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and ruthenium (Ru) – are active metals in the Fischer-Tropsch catalysis. Of these metals, ruthenium has the highest FT activity, but because of its high price it is used in trace quantities only. An addition of small amounts of ruthenium is known to improve dispersion of the active metal (cobalt) on the support. Metals like ruthenium act as electronic promoters making the reduction of different oxides of the active metals easier. More recently, ruthenium has to some extent been replaced by the much cheaper metal, rhenium (Re). Nickel has a tendency to produce high amounts of methane as a by-product. Iron is also often used in FT catalysts but it requires rather high reaction temperatures, and therefore, cobalt is the most useful metal for FTS. 79

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