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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION 86 therefore powerful purification methods are needed. The preparation of activated carbon typically consumes a significant amount of energy and consequently, preparation is fairly expensive, which may limit its use. Therefore, there is a growing need to derive activated carbon from cheaper and locally available waste materials (Ahmadpour & Do, 1996). Carbon residue from gasification processes typically has a lower specific surface area than commercial activated carbon but its carbon content is high (Kilpimaa et al., 2013). In an adsorption process the specific surface area of the adsorbent must be large (Afkhami et al., 2007) and therefore, the adsorption properties of carbon residue would be more suitable if their specific surface area was also larger. Activated carbon can be produced from a variety of fossil or biomass based raw materials such as coal, coconut shell, and others (Ahmadpour & Do, 1997). There are also large numbers of studies regarding the preparation of activated carbon from different waste materials, such as peanut husks and cherry stones (Lussier et al., 1994; Ricordel et al., 2001). Basically, there are two processes for the preparation of activated carbon: physical activation and chemical activation. Physical activation is performed, for example, with CO2 whereas chemical activation uses chemical activating agents. These agents are typically alkali and alkaline earth metals containing substances such as potassium hydroxide KOH, sodium hydroxide NaOH, and zinc chloride ZnCl2, or some acids such as phosphoric acid H3PO4 (Ahmadpour & Do, 1996). Chemical or physical activation is required to increase the specific surface area of carbon residue from biomass gasification and thereby enhance its adsorption properties. In this study we aimed to develop a utilization application for gasification carbon residue. Figure 1 depicts this development process. First, we determined the physical and chemical properties of carbon residue formed in the gasification process and evaluated the possibility of utilizing the residue directly. If direct utilization proves impossible, carbon residue could be modified to develop suitable utilization applications. During the HighBio2 project, we modified carbon residue from the biomass gasification process using chemical and physical activating agents. To achieve this goal, we studied the effects of different parameters on the activation process of the carbon residue. The parameters we investigated during chemical activation were the chemical agent, the liquid-to-solid ratio of the carbon residue and the chemical activating agent, the concentration of the impregnation solution, and contact time. During physical activation, we examined the activating agent, the duration of activation, and the activation temperature. We used a chemically activated carbon residue as an adsorbent for phosphate and nitrate removal and investigated the influence of adsorption time, initial phosphate or nitrate concentration,PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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