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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION 88 uniform quality. The dried sample was mixed with a chemical activating agent for five minutes (contact time). The carbon residue used in this experiment was treated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid HCl, 0.1 M sulfuric acid H2SO4, 5 M ZnCl2, 5 M KOH, HCl or HNO3 using a liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 10 (w/w). The mixture of the carbon residue and chemical activating agent was dried overnight at 110oC and activated at 500oC in an air atmosphere for one hour. The resulting products were washed sequentially with 0.5 M HCl for ten minutes using an L/S ratio of 10, hot distilled water and cold distilled water to remove any remaining residual chemicals and organic and mineral matters. Finally, products were dried overnight at 110oC and crushed and sieved again to ensure a particle size of < 150 μm. Specific surface areas of activated carbon residues were determined in order to evaluate the success of the activation with different activation parameters. Based on the surface area measurements, the highest specific surface area was obtained using 5 M ZnCl2 as a chemical activating agent during the chemical activation process (Kilpimaa et al., 2012). The next step was to examine the effect of activation parameters, such as the L/S ratio of the carbon residue and chemical activating agent, the concentration of the impregnation solution and the contact time between the activating agent and carbon residue by using zinc chloride as the activating agent. These parameters varied as followed: L/S between 4 and 10, concentration between 2 and 5 M, and time between 10 minutes - 6 hours. The highest specific surface area was obtained using a 5 M zinc chloride solution with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 and a contact time of 1 hour for the chemical activation. Physical activation was carried out with two different activating agents, CO2 and CO. The two parameters investigated during the HighBio2 project were temperature (600 oC and 800oC) and the duration of activation (1 - 3 h). In addition, reference samples were prepared by thermal treatment without an activating agent. In the case of physical activation, the highest specific surface area was obtained using CO2 as a physical activating agent at 800oC and with an activation duration of 3 hours. Removal of nitrates and phosphates over activated carbon residue Eutrophication is the term for the enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates. Phosphate in wastewater is one of the main factors that leads to the eutrophication and deterioration of water bodies. Wastewaters possess harmful levels of phosphates andPDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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