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the removal of it before discharge is paramount. Adsorption is a popular method of removing nutrients, especially phosphorus, from effluent by using porous materials such as zeolites. (Bolan et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2006; Huang et al., 2009; Zeng et al., 2004) In addition to phosphate, nitrate can also cause several environmental problems. Nitrate stimulates eutrophication and it has been linked to the outbreak of infectious diseases. Excess nitrate in drinking water may cause methemoglobinaemia, also called blue baby syndrome, in newborn infants. (Feleke & Sakakibara, 2002) During the HighBio2 project, we studied phosphate and nitrate removal efficiency over chemically activated carbon residue. The effect of pH was studied over a pH range of 4 to 8, and the effect of initial solution concentration was studied at optimum pH with different initial concentrations (25 - 125 mg L-1) of phosphate or nitrate ions. The optimum pH and effect of initial solution concentrations were determined using polyethylene flasks, in which a solution of phosphate or nitrate and adsorbent was mixed together and the pH value of the solution was adjusted by adding 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. This was done after adding the adsorbent to ensure the solution had the correct pH because the carbon residue from the gasification process is clearly alkaline (pH ≈ 9). The largest removal of phosphate occurred at pH 8 for the carbon residue and activated carbon residue, and at pH 6 for the activated carbon (Kilpimaa et al., 2012). Carbon residue includes nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, but chemically activated carbon residue also possesses zinc because its activation is performed by zinc chloride (Kilpimaa et al., 2013). It has been established that high pH and high calcium concentration are advantageous for calcium phosphate precipitation and it can be assumed that zinc phosphate is also precipitated. Precipitation reactions often co-occur with the adsorption process and can thus make it difficult to distinguish these individual processes (Prasad & Mortimer, 2010). In laboratory experiments, the conditions were chosen in such a way that precipitation does not occur. In practice it is insignificant how phosphate removal occurs, i.e. if the mechanism is adsorption or precipitation. The results suggest that the optimal pH for phosphate removal over activated carbon residue was 6, over carbon residue 4 and over activated carbon 6, which were optimal pH values when alkaline conditions were eliminated. The optimal initial phosphate concentration was 25 mg L-1 in activated carbon residue and activated carbon. In carbon residue, it was 50 mg L-1. In the case of nitrate removal, the optimal pH values were 6 for activated carbon residue and carbon residue, and 4 for activated carbon. For all adsorbents, 25 mg L-1 was the optimal initial nitrate concentration. The adsorption of phosphate and nitrate on three different adsorbents was investigated as a function of adsorption time (1 min - 24 h) with an 89PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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