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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 California Population: History and Projections .......................................................... 1-2 Figure1-2 CaliforniaGrossStateProduct.................................................................................1-2 Figure 1-3 California Water Use: Actual and Projected .............................................................. 1-3 Figure 2-1 Schematic of Typical Combined-Cycle Power Plant ................................................. 2-1 Figure 2-2 Power Plant Cooling System Arrangements: Once-Through Cooling ...................... 2-4 Figure 2-3 Recirculating Wet Cooling Tower............................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-4 Mechanical- and Natural-Draft Cooling Towers ........................................................ 2-6 Figure 2-5 Cooling Tower Mass and Heat Balance .................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-6 Dry (Air-Cooled) Cooling System............................................................................. 2-10 Figure 2-7 Dry Cooling System with Surface and Spray Condensers...................................... 2-11 Figure 2-8 Flows and Temperatures in an Air-Cooled Condenser ........................................... 2-12 Figure 2-9 Hybrid Systems—Single Tower (Plume Abatement)............................................... 2-14 Figure 2-10 Hybrid Systems—Separate Towers (Water Conservation)................................... 2-14 Figure 2-11 Hybrid Systems—Pre-Cooling Section (Water Conservation).............................. 2-15 Figure 2-12 Separate Towers and Surface Condensers (Water Conservation) ...................... 2-16 Figure 3-1 Trends in Dry Cooling................................................................................................. 3-6 Figure 4-1 California Power Plants (Source: CEC website) ....................................................... 4-2 Figure 4-2 Current, Expected, and Recently Approved Licensing Cases (Source: CEC website)................................................................................................................................ 4-3 Figure 5-1 Heat Rate Ratio vs. Back Pressure........................................................................... 5-3 Figure 5-2 Schematic of Tradeoffs .............................................................................................. 5-4 Figure 5-3 Capital Cost Ratio ...................................................................................................... 5-6 Figure 5-4 Capital Plus Capacity Replacement Cost Ratio ........................................................ 5-7 Figure 5-5 Total Evaluated Cost Ratio ........................................................................................ 5-7 Figure 5-6 Busbar Power Cost Ratio........................................................................................... 5-8 Figure 5-7 Supplier Quote Correlation....................................................................................... 5-13 Figure 5-8 Wet Cooling Tower Capital Cost vs. Approach for Low First Cost Design (for New 500-MWe Facilities with 170-MWe Steam Cycle) .................................................... 5-18 Figure 5-9 Wet Cooling System Capital Cost vs. Approach for Low First Cost Design (for New 500-MWe Facilities with 170-MWe Steam Cycle) .................................................... 5-19 Figure 5-10 Wet Cooling Tower Capital Cost vs. Approach for Minimum Evaluated Cost Design (for New 500-MWe Facilities with 170-MWe Steam Cycle) ................................. 5-19 xvPDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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