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1INTRODUCTION This report sets forth the results of a study conducted for the California Energy Commission (CEC) and EPRI to define, explain, and document the performance, economic, and environmental tradeoffs among the cooling system alternatives—wet, dry, and hybrid (wet/dry)—available for use on new combined-cycle power plants. While much of the information may be more widely applicable, the focus of the analysis and the case study characteristics are specific to conditions in California. The motivation for investigating this topic is a desire to allocate properly the water resources in the state. Specifically, a conflict may sometimes arise between cooling water requirements for electric power generation and water requirements for agricultural, residential, commercial, industrial, and other needs, as well as for in-stream flow maintenance. The problem is not new. Regulatory action to maintain a properly balanced allocation goes back at least to 1975 with the promulgation of Resolution #75-58 by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB, 1975). Stating “The use of inland waters for powerplant cooling needs to be carefully evaluated to assure proper future allocation of inland waters considering all other beneficial uses,” the SWRCB established the principle that “[w]here the Board has jurisdiction, use of fresh inland waters for powerplant cooling will be approved by the Board only when it is demonstrated that the use of other water supply sources or other methods of cooling would be environmentally undesirable or economically unsound.” The Drivers California has experienced high growth rates in many dimensions for decades. The state’s population has more than tripled in the past 50 years and is expected to nearly double again in the next 50. Figure 1-1 displays the historical population growth since 1850 and estimated population up to 2040 (California Department of Finance, 1999, 1998). Concurrently, the state’s economy has grown vigorously. Figure 1-2 shows historical growth as represented by the California Gross State Product expressed in current dollars (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000). The combined effects of a growing population and expanding agricultural, commercial, and industrial activity have imposed growing demands for both water and electric power. 1-1PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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