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to continue to rise for the foreseeable future. While water surpluses and shortages are distributed unevenly across the state, projections through 2020 predict likely shortfalls under average conditions and substantial shortfalls under drought conditions. 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Introduction Actual Projected Year California Water Use: Actual and Projected Figure 1-3 Electric power generation utilizes water in many ways and in varying amounts depending on the type of generating plant and the type of cooling system employed. The primary use of water is for the condensation of steam, often referred to as power plant cooling. There are several types of power plant cooling systems. These are commonly categorized as once-through cooling, recirculating wet cooling, dry cooling and hybrid, or wet/dry, cooling. These systems, which are described in more detail in later sections of this report, vary widely in the amount of water withdrawn from the environment and in the amount consumed in the plant through evaporation. In California, the use of once-through systems is largely restricted to existing coastal plants using ocean water for cooling. The focus of this report is on the cooling of inland plants using fresh surface waters or groundwater with either recirculating wet, dry, or hybrid wet/dry systems. Recirculating wet systems have been the usual method of cooling for inland plants in California and throughout the U.S since the mid-1970s. As will be developed in detail in Section 2, recirculating systems with wet cooling towers consume water at a rate of 10 to 15 gallons per minute (gpm) per MW of electric power generated with steam-driven turbines. A common metric for water use in electric power production used, for example, in the Environmental Performance Report of California’s Electric Generation Facilities (CEC, 2001a) is gallons of water per megawatt-hour (gal/MWh) of energy generated. The amount of water used depends not only on the type of cooling system used but also on the type of plant. Simple- cycle plants or combined-cycle plants in which most of the power is generated by gas turbines require no, or much less, water for condensation of steam, but they use water for gas turbine inlet 1-3 Urban Water Use, (thousand acre-feet)PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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