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Introduction cooling, emissions control, auxiliary equipment cooling, plant maintenance, etc. Stand-alone thermal steam plants and the steam portion of combined-cycle plants use the bulk of their water for steam cycle cooling. This portion of the water use can be eliminated or reduced by the use of dry or wet/dry cooling systems. Table 1-1 summarizes some nominal values of water use for various plant types with alternative choices of systems for steam cycle cooling. Table 1-1 Water Requirements for Power Generation (in Gallons per MWh of Plant Output) Plant Type Stand-alone steam plant Simple-cycle gas turbine Combined-cycle plant with dry cooling Stand-alone steam plant with dry cooling Steam Auxiliary Cooling and Condensing Hotel Load Total 720(1) 30(2) 750 0 150(3) 150 0 110 110 0 30 30 Combined-cycle plant (2/3 CT + 1/3 steam) 240 (1/3 x 720) 110 (2/3 x 150 + 1/3 x 30) 350 (1) (2) evaporation + blowdown = 12 gpm/MW (see Section 2) estimated at ~5% of evaporation + blowdown (3) mid-range of 75 – 200 gal/MWh in Environmental Performance Report (CEC, 2001) for turbine cooling, emissions control and hotel load The California Energy Commission (CEC, 2001a) estimates that of the 53.2 GW of generating capacity in California, 40% uses once-through cooling and another approximately 30% is provided by hydro or wind facilities. This leaves perhaps 30%, or about 16,000 MW, on evaporative cooling. Assuming a mix of plant types with an average water use of 300 gal/MWh, the total water requirement would be approximately 100,000 acre-feet per year or about 1% of the state’s urban water use. While this is a part of total water consumption in the state, it can be a significant local use in the vicinity of the plant and is frequently a contentious issue during siting discussions. Requirements for electricity in California have increased steadily for the past several decades (Figure 1-4), at an annual rate of approximately 3.5 to 4% (CEC, 2000)—except for during a period of economic slowdown in the early 1990s (see Figure 1-2). Projected increases of 20% over the next 10 years are consistent with population increase of 20% and economic activity increase of 35% by 2020 (EPRI, 2000). 1-4PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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