PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 029
Introduction Recognizing the urgent need for both electricity and water, the CEC and EPRI have sponsored this study to address the questions of what technological alternatives might exist to the consumptive use of fresh water for the cooling of electric power plants in the California environment, and what their economic and environmental costs might be. Cooling System Options Technological options for power plant cooling are described in detail in Section 2 of this report. From a water consumption standpoint, the major categories of cooling systems can be characterized as follows. Once-Through Systems Water is withdrawn from the environment, passed through a steam condenser and returned, slightly heated (typically by 20 to 25oF), to the source. Withdrawal rates are typically in range of 500 gpm per MWe. No water is consumed or evaporated within the cooling system, but the evaporation rate from the receiving water is slightly higher in the vicinity of the discharge plume. Recirculating Wet Systems In recirculating wet systems, smaller amounts (typically 2 to 3% of the amount withdrawn for once-through cooling) are taken into the plant, but the majority is evaporated in the cooling equipment (in mechanical or natural draft cooling towers), with very little water returned to the source. Water withdrawn from a local source is circulated continuously through the cooling system. The cooling system must be replenished with “make-up water” to replace that lost to evaporation and blowdown. Dry Systems In dry systems, the ultimate heat rejection to the environment is achieved with air-cooled equipment that discharges heat directly to the atmosphere by heating the air. Dry systems are of two types: direct and indirect. Direct systems duct the steam to air-cooled condensers (ACCs) that can be either mechanical or natural draft units. Indirect systems condense the steam in water- cooled surface condensers, from which the heated water is pumped to air-cooled heat exchangers where it is cooled and then re-circulated to the steam condenser. Dry systems reduce water use at a plant by eliminating the use of water for steam condensation. In most cases, the remaining water use, totaling perhaps 5% of the amount used in recirculating systems, is required for boiler make-up, other cooling applications, and the so-called “hotel load.” Additionally, in some simple-cycle or combined-cycle gas turbine plants, significant amounts of water are injected into the turbines for NOx reduction. In some systems, spray augmentation of dry system performance has been used or considered. This would require modest additional water use during the hottest times of the year. 1-6PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
PDF Search Title:
Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other TradeoffsOriginal File Name Searched:
2002_07_09_500_02_079F.PDFDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)