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Hybrid Wet-Dry Systems In hybrid wet-dry systems, both wet and dry components are included in the system, and they can be used separately or simultaneously for either water conservation or plume abatement purposes. A combination of wet and dry cooling technology is used; depending on system configuration, water consumption can approach that of recirculating wet systems or be much lower. Design studies have ranged from 30 to 98% reduction in water use compared to all wet recirculating systems (Mitchell, 1989). In this report, the primary emphasis is on closed-cycle wet cooling using mechanical draft wet cooling towers and on direct dry systems using mechanical draft air-cooled condensers, since these systems are the ones that will be found almost exclusively on new combined-cycle plants in California. However, descriptions of each of the systems mentioned above are included in Section 2 for convenience of reference for readers unacquainted with types of cooling systems and their associated terminology. Dry cooling has been used rarely in the U.S. until recently. A history of the U.S. and global use of dry cooling is reviewed briefly in Section 3. Tradeoffs The choice among the major categories of cooling systems involves a number of tradeoffs. As noted above, the SWRCB policy for allocating fresh water resources in California requires other than fresh inland water to be used for power plant cooling unless the alternatives are shown to be “environmentally undesirable or economically unsound” on the basis that there is a “limited supply of inland water resources in California.” Therefore, the primary tradeoffs are between water use and the cost of electric power. Other environmental considerations exist, but they are normally secondary in importance. The emphasis of the remainder of this report is on an in-depth analysis of the comparative costs and the environmental impacts of alternative cooling systems. However, to provide some background and context for the discussion, qualitative comparisons between a “base” mechanical draft wet cooling system and other systems are given in Table 1-3. The bases for comparison are water consumption; system costs, including capital, O&M, and performance penalty costs; and environmental issues, including water withdrawal and discharge, drift, and visible atmospheric plumes. Scope of Project The purpose of this study is to • Define and compare the current costs and performance in California of dry and hybrid wet/dry cooling towers relative to wet cooling towers; • Identify the environmental benefits and tradeoffs between wet, dry, and hybrid wet/dry cooling towers; Introduction 1-7PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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