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Power Plant Cooling Systems The configuration of the steam cycle determines the quantity of steam to be condensed and, therefore, the heat load on the cooling system per unit of electric power generated. The plant configuration chosen for this study is a so-called 2 x 1 arrangement in which two gas turbines feed a single HRSG and steam turbine; no steam is extracted for cogeneration applications. Approximately two-thirds of the plant output is obtained from the gas turbine side. Nominal overall plant efficiency is about 55%, compared to 38% for newer simple-cycle gas turbines or 35 to 40% for modern fossil steam plants2 (stand-alone gas-fired boiler and steam turbine). The gas turbines can be either heavy duty or aeroderivative in type. If heavy-duty turbines are used, exhaust gas flow rates and temperatures are higher, enabling the generation of more steam at higher temperatures and hence more output at higher efficiencies from the steam side. However, overall plant efficiency is slightly lower due to the lower efficiency of the gas turbine side of the plant. These tradeoffs are beyond the scope of this discussion, for a more detailed treatment see Drbal (1996). The base case plant is characterized in Table 2-1, which is typical of modern components operating in combined cycle mode (Leyzerovich, 2001; EPRI TAG, 1998). Cooling System Alternatives As in all steam-electric power plants, steam turbine exhaust must be condensed in order to maintain the required sub-atmospheric turbine exit pressure and to return the condensate to the HRSG. Condensing system alternatives, listed in Section 1 under “Cooling System Options,” include once-through cooling, wet cooling towers, dry cooling systems, and hybrid (wet/dry) systems. These are described briefly in the following paragraphs. Once-through cooling is introduced briefly for completeness and for convenience of reference for readers unfamiliar with power plant cooling systems. Since it is not, however, an option for inland power plants in California, it will not be discussed further beyond this section of the report. The discussion will also serve to define some of the terminology and nomenclature used in the rest of the report. 2 Conventionally referenced to HHV (higher heating value) for steam plants and to LHV (lower heating value) for simple or combined-cycle gas turbine systems. The difference for gas is approximately 10% (çLHV ~ 1.1 çHHV). 2-2PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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