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• Chemical treatment programs, • Emissions of controlled air pollutants or pathogens, and • Site space. Figure 2-3 Recirculating Wet Cooling Tower The cooling is achieved by the evaporation of a small fraction (1 to 2%) of the recirculating water flow. Therefore, once the system is filled, the only water withdrawn from the environment is makeup water in amounts sufficient to replace that lost to evaporation, blowdown,3 and drift.4 These quantities are discussed in more detail in Section 6, Environmental Effects. Therefore, withdrawal rates from the environment are much less than for once-through systems—typically 10 to 15 gpm/MWe (600 to 900 gal/MWh). There are two common types of wet cooling tower—mechanical draft and natural draft (Figure 2-4). Natural draft towers, in which the airflow through the tower is induced by density differences in a “chimney effect,” are less likely to be considered in many areas of California on the basis of aesthetic and seismic concerns. The higher capital costs in comparison to mechanical draft towers are also less favorable for the smaller steam condensation loads (less than 250 MWe on steam) associated with combined-cycle plants. Therefore, they will not be considered further in this study. Mechanical draft towers are built in both cross-flow and counter-flow designs. Hot water from the condenser is introduced at the top of the tower and flows down through a “fill” section where it is brought into intimate contact with ambient air flowing across, or counter to, the direction of the falling water flow. Both sensible and latent heat transfer to the air cools the bulk of the water, 3 Blowdown is water discharged from the cooling system in order to control the buildup of dissolved and suspended materials that concentrate in the system as a result of the evaporation cycles. 4 Drift refers to liquid water droplets entrained in the tower exit plume and released to the atmosphere. Power Plant Cooling Systems 2-5PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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