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Power Plant Cooling Systems On a “per unit output basis,” wevap = 5.2 lb/kWh or ~ 10 gpm/MW Blowdown Rate Blowdown rates are set to control scaling, fouling, and corrosion by limiting the buildup of impurities in the circulating water. This criterion is normally expressed in terms of maximum allowable cycles of concentration (n), defined as the ratio of the concentration of conserved species in the circulating water (Ci circ) to that in the makeup water (Ci mu): n = Ci circ/Ci mu The mass balance of species i in the tower requires that wmu × Ci mu = wbd × Ci circ wbd = (wevap + wbd) × (Ci mu/Ci circ) = (wevap + wbd) x 1/n Therefore, wbd = wevap / (n – 1) Typical allowable cycles of concentration are from 3 to 6 (DiFilippo, 2001). For n = 6 as a typical value, the required blowdown is wbd = [1/(6 – 1)] × wevap = 2 gpm/MWe and the required make-up is wmu = wevap + wbd = 12 gpm/MWe Additionally, typical consistent values of tower operating conditions are Circulating water flow rate, wcirc: ~ 500 gpm/MWe Condenser terminal temperature difference (TTD), Tcond – Th: Tower range, Th – Tc: 20 to 24oF Tower approach, Tc - Tamb. wet bulb: 8 to 15oF Therefore, the achievable steam condensing temperature is given by Tcond = Tamb. wet bulb + Approach + Range + TTD 7 to 10oF 2-8PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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