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Power Plant Cooling Systems Typical design choices range from 20 to 60°F, where a low ITD represents a larger, higher- capital-cost unit that is able to maintain a low condensing temperature on hot days. Conversely, a high ITD represents a smaller and less costly tower that results in higher condensing temperatures, higher turbine back pressures, and lower plant efficiency during hot periods. Typical designs result in a 25 to 35°F rise as the air passes through the unit. Steam Backpressure, pb Condensate Tcond (oF) Tcond - Tamb = ITD* = 20-50 oF (typ.) Tex - Tamb = Air Temperature Rise = 30 oF (typ.) (* Initial Temperature Difference) Exit air Tex (oF) Tamb (oF) Air flow, wair (lbm/hr) Figure 2-8 Flows and Temperatures in an Air-Cooled Condenser Hybrid Wet/Dry Systems Hybrid systems employ a combination of both wet and dry cooling technologies. The two primary types of hybrid systems are water conservation and plume abatement designs. Water conservation systems are intended to reduce—but not completely eliminate—the use of water for plant heat rejection. A limited amount of water is used during the hottest periods of the year to mitigate the large losses in steam cycle capacity and plant efficiency associated with all- dry operation. These systems can limit annual water use to 2 to 5% (although more typically range from 20 to 80%) of that required for all-wet systems and still achieve substantial efficiency and capacity advantages during the peak load periods of hot weather, as compared to an all-dry system. If sufficient water is available, increasing amounts of plant capacity and efficiency can be attained. Plume abatement towers, on the other hand, are essentially all-wet systems that employ a small amount of dry cooling to dry out the tower exhaust plume during those cold, high-humidity periods when the plumes is likely to be visible. (Water conservation systems also provide plume abatement because the wet part of the system is normally not used during the colder periods when plumes are likely to form.) 2-12PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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