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3COOLING TECHNOLOGIES: THE STATE OF THE ART This section presents information that serves to define the state of the art for dry, hybrid wet-dry, and wet cooling tower technologies. The material consists of three parts: first, a survey of the literature in the form of an annotated bibliography (Appendix A) supplemented in this section with some categorization and brief summaries of the important citations in each category; second, a listing of existing and planned installations around the world (Appendix B), supplemented here with some brief observations on trends in the adoption of water-conserving cooling systems; and third, information gathered during interviews with owner/operators of some existing plants with dry cooling or hybrid wet/dry systems (Appendix C), supplemented here with a brief discussion regarding the ability to generalize the experience in the use of these systems from these cases. Literature Survey Appendix A lists over 125 references on the subject of dry, wet/dry, and wet cooling tower technologies. The citations are drawn from books, journals, the trade press, conference and workshop reports and academic theses. The bulk of the material falls into four categories: technical background and description, design and optimization methodology, cost analysis, and operating experience. Most of the references contain information from more than one of these categories. Many of the citations in this survey are old by technical literature standards. Over half were published before 1990 and one-third before 1980. This is particularly true for wet cooling towers, which have been standard fixtures at thermal power plants for over half a century. Much of the material, even when published 30 or more years ago, is still relevant and accurate. Some classical references are highlighted for their enduring usefulness. Special attention is given to publications of the past 5 years that update subjects undergoing recent changes or reflect changing economic, regulatory, and business conditions in the power industry and its supplier community. A brief summary of the highlights from the survey follows for the major types of cooling systems. A few broad subjects of primary importance are identified for each type, as are major sources of information. Wet Cooling The thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and many of the mechanical design aspects of wet cooling towers have been well established and thoroughly documented in the literature for a long time. Much of this literature was organized and reviewed by in the Handbook of Heat Transfer 3-1PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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