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Cooling Technologies: the State of the Art Applications (Maulbetsch and Bartz, 1985). General references that summarize the computational and design procedures for wet towers include Cooper (2000), Hamilton (2000), and older work by DesJardins (1992), LeFevre (1977), and Feltzin (1991). Data compilations for various fill types and tower configurations are available from the Cooling Technology Institute (CTI 1999c), papers by Fulkerson (1999), and other references such as Kelly’s Handbook (Kelly 1976) and from vendors. A good introduction to the practical aspects of tower configurations, the advantages and disadvantages of particular designs, and operation and maintenance issues was presented in 1973 in POWER (Special Report: “Cooling Towers” 1973), which is still valuable as an introduction to the subject. Other topics of major interest are performance testing of towers; tower maintenance with particular emphasis on film fill performance and its deterioration due to fouling and plugging; structural problems including some catastrophic failures; and retrofit to improve or restore performance. The main sources of current and archival information on these topics are the Journal of the Cooling Technology Institute, the CTI’s Bibliography of Technical Publications (CTI 1999a) and their website (CTI, 1999b), and a series of EPRI-sponsored workshops (Proceedings: International Cooling-Tower and Spray Pond Symposium, 1990; Proceedings of the 9th IAHR Cooling Tower and Spraying Pond Symposium, 1994; Proceedings: Cooling Tower And Advanced Cooling Systems Conference, 1995; Tsou, 1997). The EPRI Proceedings, while part of the gray literature, can be found on www.epri.com and may still be readily available. Some more recent material provides descriptive information on the most modern designs, available most easily from vendor sources (e.g., Balogh, 1998; Streng, 2000) and online at the major vendors’ websites (BDT Engineering; Hamon Cooling Systems; Marley Cooling Tower); on high-performance fill designs (Aull, 2000; Hobson, 1995); and on changing practices in cooling tower water treatment (Richardson, 2000; Howarth, 2000; Gill, 1997; DiFilippo, 2001). Environmental issues of particular current interest are plume visibility, drift control (Missimer, 1998; Suptic, 1999), and emissions of controlled air pollutants or pathogens such as Legionella (Adams, 1978; DiFilippo, 2001). Dry Cooling The best summary of the field is a comprehensive text by D. G. Kroeger (1998). Over 600 pages long and containing over 900 references, it is a fully up-to-date reference work on the field containing all important citations as of 1997. Dry cooling first emerged as a subject of technological interest in the early 1970s with the construction of the first dry cooling towers in the U.S. and Europe. Literature at the time consisted of descriptions of these early units (see sections below and Table 3-1) —somewhat as engineering curiosities—plus a body of work on economic comparisons of dry units with wet towers or once-through cooling with the emphasis on developing a methodology for making appropriate comparisons. Much of this work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and EPRI. It is documented primarily in the gray report literature (Mitchell, 1989). 3-2PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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