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Interesting work on the development of an indirect system that uses a direct contact barometric condenser (the so-called Heller system; see Figure 2-7 and accompanying text) was carried out in Hungary, widely reported, and implemented at a number of installations in the former USSR and the Middle East (Balogh, 1998). Major advances resulted from the adoption of dry cooling on a very large scale in South Africa at locations of rich energy resources and virtually no water. Again, trade press articles provided descriptions of these units (Goldschagg, 1999; Von Cleve, 1984; Van der Walt et al., 1974; Trage, 1990), but there was little new research literature until the 1990s. Then, there was renewed interest in the technology in the U.S. and elsewhere, stimulated by concern over water consumption and plumes from wet cooling towers. At this time, a number of papers appeared, detailing optimization schemes for selecting the best finned tube geometries (Bonger, 1995; Buys, 1989b; Buys, 1989a; Ecker, 1978) and revisiting the question of how to best compensate for reduced performance during the hottest periods (Conradie, 1991a; Oosthuizen 1995). There is little usable, quantitative cost information in the open literature. A few references contain qualitative comparisons and “typical” costs but give little or no insight into the basis of the costs, the breakdown among the many system components, or the sensitivity of the costs to important design and environmental factors. Some information is available in the gray literature such as submissions for siting approvals (Ledford, 1999; Miller, 2000) or embedded in various engineering/economic design packages such as EPRI’s GATE program (EPRI, 2000) or Thermoflow (Thermoflow, 1999). Little material has been published by the CTI over the past several decades. (Their bibliography contains only three references on dry systems since 1969.) Their recent change of name from the Cooling Tower Institute to the Cooling Technology Institute reflects, in part, an awareness of the importance of dry and hybrid systems. The 2001 Annual CTI Meeting at Corpus Christi, TX, included a one-half day educational session on comparing wet and dry cooling and, predictably, more papers will be forthcoming on the topic in the future. Finally, some general descriptive system information is available from vendor websites (Marley Cooling Tower; BDT Engineering; Hamon Cooling Systems; Niagara Blower Company). Hybrid Wet/Dry Cooling As was the case for dry cooling, the subject of hybrid wet/dry cooling received some attention of a “system analysis/cost comparison” nature in the 1970s, with very little research literature since that time. Most of the same reports that presented methods and results on comparative costs of wet and dry systems included material on hybrid systems as well (Mitchell, 1989). Most of the hybrid systems were chosen for purposes of plume abatement rather than for water conservation in the early days of the technology, and this is still largely the case. A notable exception was a large water conservation tower installed on Unit #4 (550 MWe) of the San Juan Plant in San Juan, NM, in 1977. The best treatment of the technology covering the several general design configurations and describing the thermodynamics and psychometrics of plume formation and abatement is given in Lindahl and Jameson (1993) Almost no cost information is available in the open literature. General technology descriptions can be obtained from vendor information and from their Cooling Technologies: the State of the Art 3-3PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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