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Cooling Technologies: the State of the Art outweigh future reductions in generating efficiency (this view is not universally held; see discussion below under “Calpine”). Recent Developments As noted in Section 1, as early as 1975, California’s State Water Resources Control Board promulgated a policy (SWRCB, 1975) mandating the use of waters other than fresh surface water for power plant cooling, unless doing so could be shown to be “environmentally undesirable or economically unsound.” Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in their support document, “Economic and Engineering Analyses of the Proposed §316(b) New Facility Rule” (USEPA, 2000) identified dry cooling as an “alternative option” which would “impose more stringent compliance requirements on the electric generating segment of the industry” based on a “zero-intake-flow (or nearly zero, extremely low-flow) requirement commensurate with levels achievable through the use of dry cooling systems.” In summer 2000, New York State’s Department of Environmental Conservation required the use of dry cooling at the Athens Generating Station (a 1080-MW gas-fired plant) as the preferred Best Technology Available for “minimizing adverse environmental impact” of a cooling water intake structure (Cahill, 2000). Operating Experience Table 3-3 identifies five plants that use dry or hybrid wet/dry cooling systems at which operating personnel were contacted and interviewed to learn about the operating and maintenance experience with the systems. Appendix C contains an outline of the subjects covered in the interviews and notes from several of the meetings. In addition, comments were received from Prof. D. G. Kröger, University of Stellenbosch, who consults for dry cooling manufacturers and users worldwide. His experience is consistent with that reported below by the operators. He further notes that there are occasional problems with the dephlegmators (air removal sections) at some operating conditions. These were not mentioned in any of the interviews with U.S. users. 3-8PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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