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Cooling Technologies: the State of the Art In advance of the meeting, a list of discussion topics (see Appendix C) was prepared focusing primarily on how cooling systems are compared and on operating issues associated with dry cooling systems. In summary, the responses were as follows: • Dry cooling is never the system of choice on economic grounds. • Calpine had little operating experience to share since they had no dry-cooled plants in operation. Although the Sutter Plant, a 516-MWe 2 x 1 combined-cycle plant in Yuba City, California that went on-line in 2001, uses dry cooling, the system was chosen on other than economic grounds. A comparative analysis was carried out for the Acadia Plant (1080-MWe 4 x 2 combined cycle), which is currently under construction near Eunice, Louisiana, and is scheduled to begin operation in June 2002. A summary of the analysis indicated additional project costs of over $23 million for the use of dry cooling and an additional cost of $30 million over the life of the project in lost revenue from reduced power production attributable to the higher plant heat rate and lower capacity with dry cooling. Some rules of thumb included in the consideration of dry cooling are provided below: • Lost capacity for dry cooling equals 16 MWe on an average day and 28 MWe on a hot day, equivalent to 4 to 8% of the plant’s steam-side output. • Cooling systems are designed and compared at the design back pressure at the 1% temperature (temperature exceeded for 1% [88 hours] of the year). • Dry cooling saves approximately 80% of makeup water and 85% of wastewater discharge over a typical year. • The loss of 1 kW is approximately worth $1500 over the life of a project. • The capital cost of the dry cooling system is approximately three times that of a wet cooling system. • There is no value in reduced licensing time in the current business climate since licensing is not the pacing issue: Delivery times on combustion turbines ordered today are more than 3 years. The following anecdotal information on operational issues was provided by Calpine: • They have no experience with high back pressure turbines. • Wet enhancement with spray cooling was tried at a wood-burning plant near Sonoma, California, with attendant O&M problems. No details or explanation were available. • Calpine routinely uses fogging systems to cool gas turbine inlet air. They use de-mineralized water and have no problems. 3-12PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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