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Cooling Technologies: the State of the Art The plant is a 25-MW (gross)/22-MW (net) unit fueled with wood waste derived both from agriculture and forestry waste and urban wood waste. The fuel has a heat content of ~ 8,000 Btu/lb, a moisture content that varies from 20 to 60% depending on the source, and an ash content of up to 17%. The plant has been in operation since 1986. The plant serves two functions: wood waste disposal and electric power generation for purchase by PG&E under a 30-year contract. The waste is purchased for a nominal charge, which essentially covers the suppliers’ cost of transporting the waste to the site while enabling them to avoid storage, disposal, or tipping costs elsewhere. The ash is sold to local concrete plants or to agricultural interests for mixing with fertilizer and cattle feed. The ACC is a GEA 4-cell unit (3 condensing cells; 1 reflux [or dephlegmator] cell) sized for 189,500 lb/hr of turbine exhaust steam with 8.7% moisture. The design point is 8.9 in. Hga at 97°F ambient. At temperatures above 90°F (up to summer peak temperatures of 110-115°F), capacity falls as minimum achievable back pressure rises to 10 in. Hga and higher. Turbine alarm is set at 12 in. Hga. The unit fouls frequently due to the high dust levels from the waste wood fuel piles. Dust screens have been installed to reduce the blown dust, but cleaning of the finned tube surfaces is required as often as once a week. Cleaning is done with a fire hose to wash down the surfaces. Plume recirculation is a problem on windy days. “Wing-like” structures have been added to the top of the ACC along the sides to deflect plume recirculation. The spray system was installed about 5 years ago. The motivation for installing the augmentation sprays was to avoid penalty charges incurred when the contracted-for power level cannot be delivered. The sprays are located along one side of the condenser at heights of 8 and 10 ft. Spray nozzles are located about every 2 ft along the pipes and supplied with high-pressure water (up to 450 psi) that has been treated by reverse osmosis. Additional arrays placed across the tower between the fans are used only on the hottest days. Water flow needed to saturate the inlet air at peak summer temperatures is about 40 gpm. The spray system is capable of 150% overspray or 100 gpm; 60 gpm is collected in a basin under the ACC and recycled. Full spray lowers the back pressure by about 2 in. Hg, resulting in 1 to 1.5 MW additional output. Maximum augmentation is achieved when the finned tube surfaces become wet. This has not resulted in any reported corrosion damage. There may have been some scaling or fouling, but this is difficult to determine in the high-dust environment. Nozzle fouling has been a problem. In 5 years, nozzles have been replaced twice. A variety of nozzles are used (BETE, Delavan, and others). Some are the pin impingement type, others the swirl type. It does not appear that complete evaporation is achieved even in the absence of overspray. 3-14PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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