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Case Study Site Selection Site Meteorology The primary determinant of the relative performance and cost of a wet, dry, or hybrid cooling system is the meteorology at the plant site. As discussed in Section 2, dry systems are limited by their approach to ambient dry bulb temperature and wet systems by their approach to ambient wet bulb temperature. The wet bulb temperature is always (except in the rare instance of 100% relative humidity) less than the dry bulb temperature, often significantly. Therefore, for reasonably designed wet or dry systems, the wet system will nearly always perform better. Wet system performance increases as wet bulb temperature decreases and hence the technology is particularly favored by hot, dry conditions. Dry system performance suffers as dry bulb temperature increases and therefore is favored by cool, but humid conditions. Of particular importance are extreme high-temperature conditions that are typically coincident with peak summer loads on the electric power system driven by high air-conditioning demand. At these conditions, dry cooling can impose a substantial capacity penalty on the system by limiting the achievable back pressure on the steam turbine and hence the available power output. To illustrate the importance of this effect on the comparative costs of wet and dry systems, sites were chosen with a range of peak temperatures and relative humidities. Another element of site meteorology is winter conditions. Under a range of colder conditions, a visible plume can be produced by wet towers and by the wet portions of hybrid towers. Under some conditions, the plume can be quite voluminous and persistent. These conditions, when accompanied by the right wind patterns, can keep the plume at low levels and blow it toward local features such as highways and airports, impairing essential visibility. This may require preventive measures such as plume abatement capability on the towers or interrupted operation during some periods with attendant higher cost and lost revenue. The situation is obviously highly site specific. Under more extreme winter conditions, the potential for freeze-ups exists. Both wet and dry towers are subject to damage from freezing, and the problem for most wet systems has received considerable attention in the literature (Michell, 1997; Fabre, 1994). The problem can normally be addressed through prudent operating practice, such as fan control and taking cells out of service to increase the heat load on the others. At likely plant sites in California, it is not expected to be a problem and was not considered in the site selection. Site Elevation Site elevation, per se, affects the performance of cooling systems through the effect of reduced air density at higher elevations on fan power requirements. A fixed amount of heat rejection at a given set of temperatures requires a fixed mass flow of cooling air. At lower densities, an increased volume flow must be maintained to provide the same mass flow; thus, a correspondingly higher fan power is consumed. This increase in fan power is unfavorable to dry cooling since the technology requires substantially higher air flow than do wet systems for the same cooling load. While a range of elevations was chosen for illustrative purposes, it should be 4-4PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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