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noted that the difference in fan power with elevation is readily calculable, and the application of the appropriate energy cost penalty to the economic analysis is straightforward. Secondary effects of site elevation result from the fact that higher elevations are less likely to experience summer temperatures and humidity as high as those encountered at lower elevations. These considerations were discussed explicitly in the previous sections on site meteorology. Water Availability Water availability is obviously a crucial factor in the evaluation of the relative costs of wet and dry cooling systems. As will be discussed in Section 5, the cost of water for make-up to a wet cooling tower can be a significant item in cost comparisons at some locations. This is particularly true if water must pumped over long distances and big changes in elevation, requiring large capital investments in water supply facilities and high operating costs for pumping power. In such situations, the capital cost ratios of dry to wet systems can be significantly reduced, as indicated in the studies conducted for the Elk Hills plant (Miller, 2000). However, this consideration is entirely site specific. It is readily accounted for parametrically to determine what the breakeven cost of water would have to be in order to alter the economic ranking of dry vs. wet systems at a particular site with a given meteorology. Therefore, no explicit use of water availability was made in the case study selection process. Wind Conditions Wind can have a serious detrimental effect of cooling tower performance in either wet or dry systems. These effects usually are the result of plume recirculation where hot exhaust air (for dry systems) or hot, moist exhaust air (for wet systems) is blown down near the tower inlet and entrained with the inlet air. This raises the inlet temperature (dry or wet bulb) and degrades tower performance. In dry towers, where the fan inlet is below the heat exchangers and more exposed to the open atmosphere, it is possible for gusts of wind to disrupt the incoming air flow patterns and partially starve some or all of the fans. For this reason, the consequences of wind-related effects on performance are likely to be more severe for dry systems than for wet. All these effects can be exacerbated by local topographic features or nearby structures that alter wind patterns by creating vortices, downdrafts, or other flow perturbations. The situation can often be mitigated or corrected by the construction of wind barriers (Duvenhage, 1996; Goldschagg, 1995). While important, wind data were not used in the selection of case study sites for two reasons. First, it is difficult to determine the relative effect on wet vs. dry systems without site-specific details. Second, the occurrence of wind-related performance degradation is intermittent and seasonal and, hence, difficult to quantify in economic terms. Therefore, it would be impossible to generalize from any case study other than to suggest that careful attention should be paid to local wind patterns for either system. Case Study Site Selection 4-5PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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