Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs

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Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs ( comparison-alternate-cooling-technologies-california-power-p )

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Comparative Cost Analyses • • The plant type and size were the same for all cases, namely, a new, 500-MWe gas-fired, combined-cycle plant. The steam portion of the cycle delivers one-third or about 170 MWe. The results should not be used in applications such as – Retrofit situations, – Stand-alone fossil-fired or nuclear steam plants, or – Steam cycles substantially different in size from 170 MWe. The sites were all inland sites with fresh water supply. The results should not be applied to ocean sites using salt water for cooling tower make-up. Methodology As described in some detail in Section 2, cooling systems are required to condense the steam at the turbine exhaust and to maintain the design turbine back pressure. For a given ambient temperature and humidity, the size and effectiveness of the cooling system determines how low a condensing temperature can be maintained for a specified water flow. Figure 5-1 illustrates the qualitative variation in steam turbine performance and steam turbine heat rate with varying back pressure. Two curves and one data set are displayed: • A “conventional” turbine designed to operate with once-through or wet recirculating cooling systems: These turbines are highly efficient at low (1 to 2.5 in. Hga) back pressure, incur large heat rate penalties as the back pressure rises, and are usually limited to operation below 5 in. Hga. • A “modified” turbine: While somewhat less efficient at lower back pressures, these designs maintain their performance better as back pressure rises and can be designed to operate at levels well above 5 in. Hga. For the subsequent analyses, an upper limit of 8 in. Hga is assumed. • Points from an operating turbine: Points taken from a heat rate curve for a turbine currently installed and operating on a gas-fired, combined-cycle plant using an air-cooled condenser (ACC) are plotted in Figure 5-1 and seen to agree well with the “modified” case. The data have been presented as “heat rate ratio” (HRR), normalized to unity at 2.5 in Hga; that is, HRR = (Heat Rate)/(Heat Rate @ 2.5 in. Hga) 5-2

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