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Comparative Cost Analyses Modified Crockett Conventional HRR mod = 0.9647e 0.0131p 1.120 1.100 1.080 1.060 1.040 1.020 1.000 0.980 Figure 5-1 Heat Rate Ratio vs. Back Pressure 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Backpressure, in Hga As the back pressure increases above the design value, the turbine heat rate increases, requiring increased steam mass flow and higher fuel consumption for comparable power generation. At some level, the turbine cannot tolerate further increases and steam flow must be reduced, leading to a decrease in plant output. The system suffers penalty costs at high ambient temperatures or humidity in the form of higher heat rates and, as the turbine back pressure limit is approached, capacity losses as the turbine steam flow is reduced to keep the back pressure within operating limits. Since wet evaporative cooling systems cool to the wet bulb temperature, they can maintain a lower back pressure than a dry system at nearly all ambient conditions. Additionally, larger and, hence, more costly systems of either type will provide higher plant efficiency and output. Therefore, the economic design tradeoff for selecting the optimum cooling system is between the capital cost of the cooling system, which increases with system size, and the performance penalties—both in heat rate and capacity—that decrease as the cooling system size increases. Figure 5-2 illustrates the tradeoffs schematically. The following sections will deal with the determination of the various elements of these costs. 5-3 Heat Rate RatioPDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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