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Performance Penalties for Wet Systems As discussed earlier, cooling systems that limit the attainable back pressure during hotter or more humid periods of the year incur penalties in the form of lost energy output from the plant. As discussed later in the section on dry systems, these penalties can significantly influence the size and cost of the optimum system for dry cooling. However, for wet cooling systems their influence is far less, particularly in climates typical of California. Wet systems face performance limits during periods of high humidity. While sustained periods of high humidity during peak load (air conditioning) seasons are commonplace, the climate of typical California sites characteristically exhibits low humidity during peak load (high dry bulb temperatures) seasons. Table 5-7 illustrates this for the four sites used in this study. Table 5-7 Relative Humidity at Peak Temperature Periods Comparative Cost Analyses Site Desert Mountain Valley Bay Area RH @ Tmax 19 16 24 26 RH @ T1% 22 19 22 36 RH @ T2% 24 19 23 39 RH @ T5% 26 19 23 46 As seen from the wet bulb duration curves in Figure 5-16, at none of the sites does the wet bulb temperature exceed the average wet bulb temperature for more than 1000 hours per year and, at all but the desert site, for more than 500 hours per year. Assuming a back pressure of 2.5 in. Hga at the average wet bulb temperature, a 10°F increase in wet bulb temperature would correspond roughly to a back-pressure rise to 3.35 in. Hga (well below the operating limit for conventional turbines; see Figure 5-1) and a corresponding heat rate ratio of 1.005. This is equivalent to lost power generation of less than 1 MW for less than 1000 hours per year. At an energy cost of $100/MWh, the penalty would be less than $100,000 per year, which is insufficient to significantly affect the choice of an optimum-size wet cooling system. Therefore, no further consideration of energy or capacity penalty costs is provided for wet systems. This conclusion would have to be reexamined carefully for other locations with other climates. 5-23PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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