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106 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY REVIEW lar power is feasible. In some cases, countries prefer alternative sources. Dominica, for instance, has a relatively small surface area but has exceptional geothermal re- sources available for exploitation. Also, St. Kitts and Nevis has unutilized geothermal energy potential. In both instances, oil, coal and natural gas have been nonexistent within the territory and energy security was dependent on the capacity to import fossil fuels. The administrations of both islands have adopted policies to ensure energy security without being vulnerable to international energy practices and by maximizing the use of their given renewable energy. The cases of Jamaica and Guyana are very similar in many respects. Both countries have considerable landmass compared to other countries within the Caribbean re- gion. Additionally, there are extensive waterways and watersheds in both territories, which pose significant potential for hydropower. The countries also share the pos- sibility for solar power to be exploited, as is the case across the region. There is also exploration in bioenergy in both territories. It is important to note that Jamaica and Guyana are independent sovereign states whose energy policies have arisen sepa- rately. Unintentionally, perhaps, there is one common element with all the energy policies of the countries that have been mentioned, which is to achieve energy secu- rity while moving to alternative or renewable energy in a sustainable way. In comparison to other Caribbean territories, Trinidad and Tobago has extensive oil and gas reserves. These reserves have driven the economy for decades and contin- ues to play a dominant role. This situation has advantages and disadvantages for the country and its economy. The economy has gained from increases in prices for oil and gas in the international energy economy. However, the economy remains pinned to an energy sector open to unpredictable fluctuations, with little to no attention to alternative and renewable energy options. Spain is very similar to Caribbean countries, specifically in the context of being vul- nerable to the volatility of the global energy economy. Furthermore, this is a country where energy resources are nowhere near sufficient to meet the demands of the population. Spain’s situation needs to be mentioned to highlight the reality that it is not only Small Island Developing States (SIDS hereafter) that are exposed to the harsh conditions of an energy dependent economy. Moreover, Spain is just as fragile as Caribbean states when it comes to energy security and has been investing heavily in solar power as a renewable energy source. The case of Spain is therefore deemed a pertinent comparison for this study. Energy security is of great significance to the current international political econo- my, and is fundamental to the existence of any state in the global economy, as some form of energy must be utilized to drive the production and manufacturing sectors. It is important to note that energy consumption is no longer limited to conventional fossil fuels. For instance, hydroelectricity accounts for more than 20% of the world’s electricity supply. It is clean and does not produce greenhouse gas emissions or oth- er forms of air pollutants. In fact, the National Hydropower Association estimated that hydroelectric generation avoided 77 million metric tons of carbon from being emitted from fossil fuel generated in 1999. That is the equivalent of burning an ad-PDF Image | Confronting the Energy Security Dilemma of the Caribbean
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