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110 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY REVIEW Barbados The island of Barbados has been a leader in the region in relation to the implemen- tation of renewable energy; specifically solar energy and by extension solar water- heaters. With a total land area of some 431 square kilometres and a total population of approximately 273,500 (Association of Caribbean States 2008:18), Barbados is certainly one of the smaller Caribbean countries that has been investing extensively in renewable and alternative energies. This Caribbean country is typical in demon- strating how an unlimited energy source, the sun, can be harnessed and exploited for macro- and microeconomic benefits. In 1994, the Barbados Plan of Action (BPOA hereafter) was developed for SIDs. The BPOA sets out a framework whereby, the role of the international community is outlined, including its role in providing access to adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources; optimizing the use of existing resources and mechanisms in accordance with chapter 33 of Agenda 21; and adopting measures for supporting endogenous capacity-building, in particular for developing human resources and promoting the access of small island develop- ing States to environmentally sound and energy-efficient technology for their sus- tainable development. In that context, non-governmental organizations and other major groups should be fully involved (). The populations of small countries are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters, environmental degradation and climate change. Limitations also experienced by small countries are a lack of resources and unfavourable economies of scale. Ironically, the BPOA was designed in a country that was leading the way in the ex- ploration of exploiting solar energy, leading to a situation where “in Barbados for example, there are 50,000 units for a population of 270,000” (Jamaica Energy Policy 2005), which is by far more than any other Caribbean nation. This suggests that geographic size is not an element that can pose a hindrance to the exploration of solar energy potential. The use of solar energy in Barbados is unprecedented in the region. There has been extensive research and development of this renewable en- ergy source, which is also potentially a niche market for this Caribbean island to dominate. The domination in this market is highly possible as, to date there has been much work into the development of solar technologies including solar water heat- ing (Barbados is the leader in the Caribbean in this technology). Today a reduced amount of electric water heaters are imported into Barbados since solar water heat- ers are almost a standard feature in the construction of new houses. Additionally solar crop dryers and solar stills, solar photovoltaic system has been used success- fully at Harrison’s Cave, the island’s No. 1 tourist attraction to provide electricity for lighting of the Cave. The current capacity accounts for 8% of the lighting in the Cave and is used as a demonstration project for similar initiatives (Government of Barbados 2003:19) The Gross Domestic Product (GDP hereafter) of the island was estimated at $2,500 million (Association of Caribbean States 2008:18), considerably smaller compared to other Caribbean states like Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica.PDF Image | Confronting the Energy Security Dilemma of the Caribbean
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