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118 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY REVIEW pilot projects (IAST ). The collaboration of IAST along with its own research into alternative energy options for Guyana reflects the dynamic approach the country has adopted. The Government is exploring alternative and renewable energy in the context of the country’s endow- ments and also researching more indigenous methods. It is crucial to understand Guyana’s emphasis on ensuring energy security by utilizing and maximizing the re- sources accessible. Guyana’s success thus far has been due to the relentless research and exploration in alternative and renewable energy, despite its financial impedi- ments. Jamaica The island of Jamaica has wealths of potential in the realms of renewable and al- ternative energy. This is not withstanding the reality that “energy represents a fun- damental input for modern economies and social life. Jamaica has been almost en- tirely dependent on imported petroleum as its primary source of energy throughout its modern history” (Government of Jamaica 2009 ). Jamaica has been vulnerable to capricious oil prices and supply. This situation has encouraged a move towards achieving energy security by means of a variety of choices. These choices comple- ment each other, essentially resulting in two situations: firstly where energy secu- rity is achieved and, secondly, where the cost of energy, and by extension energy imports, is significantly reduced. In the case of Jamaica,the price of fossil fuel, a traded and exhaustible commodity, is highly volatile and responds sensitively to factors other than supply and demand balance. On the other hand, the cost of harnessing energy from renewable sources is influenced largely by the initial high capital investments as well as uncertainties with respect to constancy in availability. As the price of fossil fuels increases and, with significant technological advances in harnessing the renewables, energy sup- ply systems that complement fossil fuel consumption with energy from renewable sources become more attractive (Jamaica Cabinet 2005 ). There has thus been a progressive and determined approach to ensuring that exposure to the international energy economy is reduced or, where possible, eliminated. This must be done in a framework in keeping with international obligations to reduce carbon footprints and greenhouse gases. As such, there has been significant emphasis on bio-energy, hydropower, solar and wind power. In June 2007, the Ministry of Industry, Technology, Energy and Commerce (MITEC hereafter) presented a report on the renewable energy sources being explored in Jamaica. The report found that in the period 1998-2002, there was an increase in energy costs from US $316 million to US $640 million. Additionally, in 2004, the cost of imported petroleum totalled more than US $1 billion, making the energy cost the second largest user of foreign exchange after debt servicing. Wind power in Jamaica is harnessed on a commercial basis through wind farms. A wind farm is a collection of wind turbines in or around the same location used for the production of electric power. Individual turbines are interconnected with a me-PDF Image | Confronting the Energy Security Dilemma of the Caribbean
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