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dium voltage power collection system and communications network. Essentially, the individual wind turbines produce electric power that is harnessed under a central collection and distribution system. MITEC has highlighted that in Jamaica, the larg- est wind farm is Wigton, which cost US $25 million to construct. This farm has the potential to generate a maximum capacity of 20.7 MW, and a minimum output of 7 MW. This project was completed on 30 April 2004 and since then has accrued sub- stantial benefits economically and environmentally. This is a prime case study demonstrating the diversification of the energy sector while preserving local control. This is illustrated with the Wigton wind farm work- ing in collaboration with the Jamaica Public Service Company Ltd (JPSCo. Ltd). The constant research and innovation in the exploration and implementation of renewa- ble energies reflects the relevance and application of the endogenous growth theory in the island. The MITEC Report ventured into the sphere of hydroenergy, which is thought to hold exceptional potential in Jamaica. The 2007 Report estimates that the generating potential is some 114 MW, whereas the installed capacity is approximate- ly 24 MW, which accounts for almost 4% of total electrical capacity. With regard to the potential for hydroenergy, Jamaica has many hydropower stations, including Up- per White River, Lower White River, Roaring River, Maggotty Falls, Constant Spring and Rio Bueno B along with others have a capacity ranging from 3.8 MW to 0.6 MW. The MITEC Report of June, 2007 stated that bio-energy is energy derived from plants and animals sources and that biomass is primarily extracted from bagasse, charcoal and animal dung. Methane and Ethane are the main types of biogas. As such, bio- mass decomposes to produce biogases. MITEC realized that biogas in Jamaica has been under-utilized, however there is still significant potential which has not yet been fully exploited as, “current technology makes this process inefficient” (Jamaica Gleaner News 2007:15). The use of biogas competes with the use and accessibil- ity of charcoal and firewood, which is critical to rural households and the hospital- ity sector in Jamaica. The report listed that categories of biogas activities; farms, schools and residences. These have had varying results, from producing 120 cubic metres, in volume of biogas, to 20 cubic metres. Jamaica’s domestic and economic trends have not restrained the country from mov- ing forward in terms of ensuring energy security. As a matter of fact, there has been a recent move to exploit the commodity product, sugar cane. This reflects the dynamic and responsive nature of this Caribbean island to move to more indigenous alterna- tive energy sources to achieve its goals. Moreover, sugar has been a critical element throughout the history of the Caribbean and, “since the Caribbean island-nations have had sugar industries for generations, it is only natural that they should also jump on the ethanol bandwagon. Jamaica has been the leader in this regard, with 100 of its service-stations being converted to provide a 10 per cent ethanol blend in conventional gasoline from 2008” (O Hopkin 2008:56). This demonstrates the versatility of the government and diversification of the economy, using conventional products to satisfy contemporary needs and requirements. ENERGY SECURITY OF THE CARIBBEAN 119PDF Image | Confronting the Energy Security Dilemma of the Caribbean
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