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Photovoltaic R&D Subprogram Overview Richard J. King, Team Leader, Photovoltaic R&D The bulk of the Photovoltaic Subprogram’s activities are carried out through two primary research centers: the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado, and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), in Upton, Long Island, New York, provides program support in the area of environmental health and safety. NREL, SNL, and BNL are all partners in the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV), which provides guidance to DOE PV research efforts. In addition, DOE’s Golden Field Office (GO), in Golden, Colorado, and the Albuquerque Operations Office (ALO), in Albuquerque, New Mexico, administer and manage contracting activities assigned by headquarters. The PV Subprogram research is focused on increasing domestic capacity by lowering the cost of delivered electricity and improving the efficiency of modules and systems. We emphasize long- term innovative research, thin-film development, manufacturing R&D, and systems development and reliability. Long-term research is focused on “leapfrog” technologies such as polymers and nanostructures. In thin films, new levels of efficiency and stability in prototype modules have been achieved, as well as higher laboratory cell efficiencies. Near-term research is focused on reducing cost through manufacturing advancements and by improving system reliability. Goals and Objectives By 2006, the goal is to reduce the average cost of all grid-tied (battery-free) PV systems to the end user to $4.50/watt (W), from a median value of $6.25/W in 2000. This requires a reduction in the direct manufacturing cost of the PV module itself to $1.75/W, compared with a cost of $2.50/W in 2000. The result would be a reduction in the average cost of electricity generated by PV systems from $0.24/kWh in 2000 to $0.18/kWh in 2006. These are broad program goals that must be refined for specific applications. Objectives for utility-scale applications go beyond the general goal because of the nature of utility applications. Objectives for residential grid-connected systems are somewhat less aggressive than the overall goal because of specific conditions in these applications. Results and Accomplishments NREL-supported research resulted in 13.5%-efficient crystalline silicon and 11%-efficient thin-film modules being made commercially in the United States, an important JOULE milestone. Equally significant, world-record efficiencies were attained for six solar cells and one module. The Boeing- Spectrolab cell world record of 39% efficiency is the highest achieved for any monolithic cell under concentrated sunlight. In addition, the charge-state defect that causes light-induced metastability in B-doped Czochralski-grown crystalline silicon was identified for the first time, representing a significant research contribution toward improving the semiconductor used in more than 90% of the solar cells sold in the market last year. These accomplishments advance the long-term objectives for low-cost PV and competitive electricity. The NREL Measurements and Characterization Division assisted more than 70 PV research partners in the areas of analytical microscopy, surface analysis, electro-optical characterization, and cell and module performance. The division achieved a very significant priority 3 milestone in FY 2005 by expanding its ISO 17025 accreditation to include primary reference cell and secondary module calibration, in addition to the existing accreditation for secondary reference cell calibration under ASTM and IEC standards, making NREL the only laboratory in the world to hold accreditations for both. This is significant because module certification and qualification test laboratories require module and cell calibrations from an ISO 17025 accredited source. ISO accreditation provides manufacturers with confidence that the performance reported for these products is verifiable and internationally accepted. 1 Photovoltaic R&DPDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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