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Fundamental Research Fundamental or basic research investigates the physical mechanisms of charge carrier transport, band structure, junction formation, impurity diffusion, defect states, and other physical properties of photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical materials. This area also includes solar resource characterization and environmental health and safety. Among the research topics are innovative ideas and technologies with the potential to “leapfrog” current approaches. This high-risk research leads to new, nonconventional concepts that could dramatically improve cost effectiveness in the long term. Fundamental research is key to the continued advancement of photovoltaic technology necessary to meeting the 2015 goal of achieving $0.05/kWh to $0.10/kWh battery-free, grid-tied systems. Industry and university researchers work in partnership with national laboratories to improve the efficiency of cell materials and devices by investigating their fundamental properties and operating mechanisms. This teamed research approach works to identify efficiency-limiting defects in cell materials and analyze their electrical and optical properties. FY 2005 marked a host of accomplishments in the Fundamental Research area, including these: Measurements and Characterization • Provided measurement support in the areas of analytical microscopy, surface analysis, electro-optical characterization, and cell and module performance to more than 70 PV research partners in industry, academia, and NREL. • Expanded ISO 17025 accreditation from secondary reference cells to include primary reference cells and modules. Electronic Materials and Devices • Invented fire-through agents that enable inkjet-written Ag contacts to silicon solar cells through silicon nitride antireflection coating. • Achieved major improvements and record efficiencies in new and conventional PV devices, including: 16.2% in a CIGS cell produced from a 1-micron-thick absorber layer; 14% in CdTe solar cells, with absorber layers of half the conventional thickness; and 37.9% (10 suns concentration) in a novel inverted growth structure used to produce a thin-film GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs triple-junction solar cell. Crystalline Silicon Project • With the University of California at Berkeley, identified and characterized metallic defects affecting most commercially available c-Si solar cells as a function of processing conditions, including a defect-engineering solution to the "dirty silicon" problem. • With various research partners, achieved a number of record high efficiencies on readily manufacturable screen-printed, low-cost-material PV cells. High-Performance Photovoltaics • Demonstrated a four-terminal polycrystalline thin-film tandem cell consisting of a CdTe-based top cell and a CIS-based bottom cell, officially measured by NREL at 15.3% efficiency. • With Boeing Spectrolab, demonstrated a 39%-efficient GaInP/GaInAs/Ge cell verified by NREL at 236 suns. Solar Resource Characterization • Evaluated performance of three candidate solar radiation models for the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) and developed recommendations for an NSRDB update plan. Environmental Health and Safety • Conducted a life-cycle analysis of the balance of systems of the Tucson Electric Power Springerville 3.5-MW c-Si plant; computed energy payback times to be 70% lower than the previously published estimates. Photovoltaic R&D 3 Fundamental ResearchPDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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