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community. First, our industry leads the world in the development of thin-film technologies. This is the fastest growing segment of the PV market and is widely perceived to hold significant production cost advantages. Second, the U.S. solar resources are well suited to the use of concentrator systems technologies for large-scale power generation. Finally, the relatively low cost of electric power in the United States will drive PV production to a lower cost-point than is needed in most of the rest of the world. This requires new processes that enable production methods that avoid vacuum processing (which is costly), minimize mechanical stress (to reduce breakage and increase yield), or dramatically increase throughput. Exploration and development of technologies to exploit these three opportunities compose the three primary tasks of the Electronic Materials and Devices (EM&D) Project. 2. Technical Approach The project is composed of three primary research tasks and management. The management task coordinates project planning and operations within the PV Subprogram and interactions with projects of related interests from other agencies and private sources. Funds are also consolidated in this task for planned major costs for equipment upgrades and unanticipated major repairs. The research tasks and areas of investigation follow. 2.1 Process and Advanced Concepts • Development of combinatorial materials science deposition, diagnostics, and data analysis • Inkjet processing of electronic materials • Organic and nanocomposite solar cells • In-situ diagnostics for thin-film growth • Process-evaluation Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) (GTI, Evergreen Solar, and AKT). 2.2 Thin-Film Polycrystalline Compounds • Examination of device performance in progressively thinner absorber layers. • Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) for thin-film solar cells • Develop simplified and improved processes for CdTe and CIS manufacture • Thin-film intrinsic device stability • Wide-bandgap absorbers for polycrystalline thin-film tandem solar cells. Photovoltaic R&D Fundamental Research 2.3 Concentrator Crystalline Cells • Inverted growth of a lattice-mismatched cell for separation from the substrate • Dilute nitrides for 4-junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInAsN/Ge or similar cell • Multijunction III-V on silicon • Novel lattice-mismatched cell. Budget allocations by task are provided below. Task Title Processes and Advanced Concepts Thin-Film Polycrystalline Compounds Concentrator Crystalline Cells EM&D Technical Coordination 3. Results and Accomplishments 2.1 Process and Advanced Concepts FY 2005 Budget ($K) 1,800 2,860 1,900 300 16 The major thrust of this task is development of technology to enable combinatorial materials science. Conventional materials science and device research has traditionally operated in a linear fashion: i.e., performing an experiment, analyzing the results of the experiment, and then using these results to decide on the next experiment. The now ubiquitous use of computers for both data acquisition and analysis has enabled high-throughput approaches to materials discovery experiments: i.e., parallel rather than serial sample preparation, characterization, and analysis. Here many nearly simultaneous experiments are performed and analyzed at each step. This parallel approach can greatly accelerate the rate at which science can be done and knowledge acquired. As an example, the chemical industry has found that complex catalysts have been discovered 10 to 30 times faster than they would have been using conventional approaches. Perhaps the biggest challenge of combinatorial science is that vast amounts of data from hundreds, thousands, or millions of experiments must be usefully and rapidly analyzed or else the benefits of this parallel approach are largely lost. This is typically accomplished by developing “data mining” software with the ability to mine the data for important trends and results. Such combinatorial experimental methods, combined with intelligent experiment choice based on the traditional scientific method, are becoming the foundation of new knowledge discovery in a number of areas, including catalyst discovery, drug discovery,PDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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