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polymer optimization, phosphor development, and chemical synthesis. The basic scientific approach can be viewed as consisting of three basic areas: (1) deposition of libraries, (2) analysis of libraries, and (3) mining of data. Deposition of Libraries. We have developed a number of deposition capabilities for producing libraries, including two sputter systems, which produce compositionally graded samples, and a multi-head inkjet printing system, which can deposit samples with either continuously graded or discrete local compositions. The routinely used approaches based on physical vapor deposition (PVD) have produced hundreds of libraries in those material systems mentioned above that are specific to the PV Subprogram, as well as on other materials systems for outside customers. The inkjet system is fully developed, but has not yet been used extensively for combinatorial experiments. Analysis of Libraries. A major focus in the program has been the development of analytical tools specific to combinatorial research and to coordinate this effort with NREL’s Measurements and Characterization Division to ensure that eventually most tools will be able to handle combinatorial libraries. Specific tools have been developed to do optical (Raman, reflection/ transmission) characterization, electrical (4 point probe), structural (x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy) characterization of the libraries above in a high-throughput fashion. These tools are broadly applicable to the materials science problems being pursued by EERE. Mining of Data. This really consists of two separate areas. First is the development of information archiving and display for the vast amounts of data being acquired and, in this area, we have been successful in developing databases and data-handling approaches that make data taking and initial analysis quite facile. The second area is in the development of smart software tools to analyze multi-dimensional phase space so as to extract key data and trends. Custom software tools must be developed to extract useful information from the large amounts of characterization data produced using our automated mapping characterization tools described above. In addition, with appropriate modeling and fitting, the optical data can yield structural and electronic information such as the local film thickness, the carrier concentration, and the carrier mobility. For TCOs, we have developed tools to aid in the display and analysis of optical data. In Fig. 1, we use color intensity to show an optical reflectivity map from 0.3–25 μm for a combinatorial TCO library. From the plasma wavelength (λp), which is determined by simultaneous fitting of the reflection and transmission data to the Drude (free-carrier) model and overlaid in black, one can determine the electrical carrier concentration. Fig. 1. Top: Typical R (color), T (black) spectra for an IZO. Bottom: Color intensity map of reflectance spectra for an IZO library with variation in plasma wavelength (λp) overlaid. A second major area of investigation is development of new technologies for very low-cost processing. Our current focus is to develop inkjet printing as a deposition system for electronic materials. This approach has a number of inherent advantages, including that it is very materials efficient and allows direct patterning, writing on 3D and flexible surfaces, and the use of multiple sources to write complex compositions or layers. Key to the approach is the development of inks with the correct rheological and compositional characteristics. To evaluate the efficacy of the approach, we have focused initially on the direct writing of contacts for solar cells. Developing contacts for crystalline silicon cells requires new inks, agents to burn through AR coatings, and techniques for writing contacts with 17 optimum aspect ratio. As silicon wafers become Photovoltaic R&D Fundamental ResearchPDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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