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energy. It emphasizes fundamental and applied research appropriate for education and advanced degrees, while also performing industry-relevant research. Complementing the foregoing R&D is the University Crystalline Silicon Research Project, which currently provides applied and exploratory research in c-Si on research topics that serve industry's technical needs as determined by a consensus among the c-Si PV industry, the universities, and NREL staff and management. These topics currently include development of improved silicon nitride hydrogenation, methods for handling and processing thin wafers with high yield, neutralization of bad regions in wafers, rear- surface passivation, hybrid heterojunction emitters, and innovative c-Si technologies. 3.2 DOE Center of Excellence for Photovoltaic Research, Education, and Collaboration Program This group achieved record-high-efficiency 4-cm2 cells on low-cost materials using 1) photolithography on low-cost materials (17.9%– 18.6%) and 2) the more cost-effective and manufacturable screen-printed contacts on low- cost materials (16.1%–18.1%). They also developed screen-printed contacts on textured high-resistance emitters, resulting in 1.2% efficiencyenhancement. 3.3 University c-Si Research Project The project continued targeting c-Si research toward industry needs, as identified at the DOE/NREL Crystalline Silicon Workshop. The research revealed defect passivation in SiNx films via the growth of high-H content SiNx films by HWCVD (Caltech); increased the lifetime in ribbon silicon materials 100-fold using a 1-s process (Georgia Tech); and identified and characterized the metallic defects affecting a wide range of commercially available solar cell materials (from four U.S. and five European PV companies) for different processing conditions, using synchrotron- based analytical techniques (UC Berkeley). Other university projects achieved the first quantitative detection of hydrogen introduced into bulk c-Si by the post-deposition annealing of a SiNx AR coating (Texas Tech/Lehigh U.); proved a correlation between in-plane stresses in silicon sheet, cell processing, and the serious problem of wafer breakage (Georgia Tech); and further developed a first proof of concept of strong light- bending using textured silicon with a photonic crystal backside (MIT). 3.4 Crystalline Silicon PV Research Project Management This component supports the management activities needed for high-quality research within project budgets. Activities include peer reviews, solicitations for proposed research, budget planning, contract negotiation, contract monitoring, reporting of project results through conferences and publications, and partnering with other government, state, and private entities to leverage related research. 3.5 Summary of Technical/Technological Impacts Crystalline silicon solar cells have demonstrated a long and consistent history of continued performance improvements and cost reductions. The consensus in the global c-Si PV community is that this trend will continue if adequate resources are applied to Si R&D. Given the abundance of Task Title NREL c-Si Material and Device Group University c-Si PV Research Project DOE/GO Center of Excellence, Georgia Tech Process Integration (S&TF), c-Si Component Technical Coordination 3. Results and Accomplishments 3.1 NREL c-Si Research FY 2005 Budget ($K) 2,260 870 950 500 425 In 2005, the NREL cSi team developed a 17.1%- efficient heterojunction silicon (a-Si/c-Si) solar cell and demonstrated a bifacial heterojunction silicon solar cell process for p-type c-Si wafers that resulted in 12.5%-efficient cells. The team is also working with IOSIL, a company that has licensed the NREL c-Si group’s chemical vapor transport process and is looking for venture capitalists. In the NREL cSi/aSi heterojunction work, the crystallinity of the deposited layer was determined to be very sensitive to the deposition temperature and crystal orientation of the substrate. Crystallinity, in turn, affects an SHJ solar cell's performance dramatically. The best NREL HWCVD heterojunction cell had the following properties: 663 mV, 34.57 ma/cm2, 77.75 fill factor (FF) with 17.5% efficiency. The group also developed new approaches to low-cost deposition of advanced high-quality c-Si films on glass by employing a combination of foreign template buffer layers, solid-phase crystallization, and epitaxial growth. Photovoltaic R&D Fundamental Research 24PDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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